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Robust Text Input for Smartwatches: Compensating for Imprecise Tapping and Swiping.

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Title: Robust Text Input for Smartwatches: Compensating for Imprecise Tapping and Swiping.
Authors: Lai, Jianwei1 (AUTHOR) jlai12@ilstu.edu, Zhou, Lina2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Kanlun3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Dongsong2 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. Dec2025, Vol. 41 Issue 23, p14833-14845. 13p.
Subjects: Smartwatches, Computer input design, User interfaces, Ergonomics
Abstract: Entering text on a smartwatch is challenging due to the difficulty of tapping tiny keys. This study introduces a novel keyboard, Tap'nSwipe, to address the challenge. The keyboard features nine areas, each containing up to four characters. To enter a character, users swipe in a specific direction within the area containing the character, freeing them from precisely tapping on the target key. In addition, Tap'nSwipe leverages word predictions to enter words by allowing users to tap anywhere in the areas containing the target characters. The results of a user experiment show that Tap'nSwipe improves text entry accuracy and reduces error correction efforts when entering random character strings on a small smartwatch screen, with a marginal decrease in tying speed compared to QWERTY. Participants rated Tap'nSwipe higher than QWERTY in perceived character clarity, interaction precision, typing accuracy, typing efficiency, and ease of use. Participants also expressed strong interest in adopting Tap'nSwipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Robust Text Input for Smartwatches: Compensating for Imprecise Tapping and Swiping.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lai%2C+Jianwei%22">Lai, Jianwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jlai12@ilstu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Lina%22">Zhou, Lina</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Kanlun%22">Wang, Kanlun</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Dongsong%22">Zhang, Dongsong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Interaction%22">International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 41 Issue 23, p14833-14845. 13p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smartwatches%22">Smartwatches</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+input+design%22">Computer input design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22User+interfaces%22">User interfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ergonomics%22">Ergonomics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Entering text on a smartwatch is challenging due to the difficulty of tapping tiny keys. This study introduces a novel keyboard, Tap'nSwipe, to address the challenge. The keyboard features nine areas, each containing up to four characters. To enter a character, users swipe in a specific direction within the area containing the character, freeing them from precisely tapping on the target key. In addition, Tap'nSwipe leverages word predictions to enter words by allowing users to tap anywhere in the areas containing the target characters. The results of a user experiment show that Tap'nSwipe improves text entry accuracy and reduces error correction efforts when entering random character strings on a small smartwatch screen, with a marginal decrease in tying speed compared to QWERTY. Participants rated Tap'nSwipe higher than QWERTY in perceived character clarity, interaction precision, typing accuracy, typing efficiency, and ease of use. Participants also expressed strong interest in adopting Tap'nSwipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/10447318.2025.2490709
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 14833
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      – SubjectFull: Smartwatches
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer input design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: User interfaces
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      – SubjectFull: Ergonomics
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      – TitleFull: Robust Text Input for Smartwatches: Compensating for Imprecise Tapping and Swiping.
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            NameFull: Zhou, Lina
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            NameFull: Wang, Kanlun
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
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