Steam Generating High Temperature Heat Pumps: Best Practices, Optimization Strategies and Refrigerant Selection for Performance Improvement.

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Title: Steam Generating High Temperature Heat Pumps: Best Practices, Optimization Strategies and Refrigerant Selection for Performance Improvement.
Authors: D'Alessandro, Giampaolo1 (AUTHOR), Iezzi, Marco2 (AUTHOR), de Monte, Filippo1 (AUTHOR) filippo.demonte@univaq.it
Source: Energies (19961073). Nov2025, Vol. 18 Issue 22, p5879. 32p.
Subjects: Best practices, Refrigerants, Thermodynamic cycles, Heat pumps, Mathematical optimization, Exergy
Abstract: The present paper provides a general overview of the state of the art of steam generating heat pumps (SGHPs) technology employed in the industrial field. Recommended best practices and optimization procedures for overall performance improvement of compression closed-loop-based systems are described in detail, as well as the main modifications of the thermodynamic heat pump cycle. Once the main configurations of SGHPs are described, the different concepts are compared in terms of supply temperature ranges; cases of comparison among different concepts are reviewed, and techno-economic barriers are also discussed. The working fluids (including natural refrigerants) commonly selected for these steam generating systems are presented along with their uses. Moreover, zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and new potentially usable mixtures are mentioned. After that, refrigerant selection criteria for high temperature heat pumps are also discussed. Then, using an internal heat exchanger, refrigerant injection technique and super heating in lubricated compressors are herein presented as best practices for general performance improvement. Regarding thermodynamic cycle modifications, basic auto-cascade and quasi-two-stage compression cycles are discussed along with further improvements suggested in the specialized literature. Lastly, optimization strategies useful to enhance the heat pumps' design and based on TOPSIS method, advanced exergy analysis, exergy-based cost minimization and combined design are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Steam Generating High Temperature Heat Pumps: Best Practices, Optimization Strategies and Refrigerant Selection for Performance Improvement.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Best+practices%22">Best practices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refrigerants%22">Refrigerants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamic+cycles%22">Thermodynamic cycles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+pumps%22">Heat pumps</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Exergy%22">Exergy</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The present paper provides a general overview of the state of the art of steam generating heat pumps (SGHPs) technology employed in the industrial field. Recommended best practices and optimization procedures for overall performance improvement of compression closed-loop-based systems are described in detail, as well as the main modifications of the thermodynamic heat pump cycle. Once the main configurations of SGHPs are described, the different concepts are compared in terms of supply temperature ranges; cases of comparison among different concepts are reviewed, and techno-economic barriers are also discussed. The working fluids (including natural refrigerants) commonly selected for these steam generating systems are presented along with their uses. Moreover, zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and new potentially usable mixtures are mentioned. After that, refrigerant selection criteria for high temperature heat pumps are also discussed. Then, using an internal heat exchanger, refrigerant injection technique and super heating in lubricated compressors are herein presented as best practices for general performance improvement. Regarding thermodynamic cycle modifications, basic auto-cascade and quasi-two-stage compression cycles are discussed along with further improvements suggested in the specialized literature. Lastly, optimization strategies useful to enhance the heat pumps' design and based on TOPSIS method, advanced exergy analysis, exergy-based cost minimization and combined design are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en18225879
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 5879
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      – SubjectFull: Best practices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigerants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamic cycles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat pumps
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Exergy
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Steam Generating High Temperature Heat Pumps: Best Practices, Optimization Strategies and Refrigerant Selection for Performance Improvement.
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            NameFull: Iezzi, Marco
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            NameFull: de Monte, Filippo
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            – D: 15
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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