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The Influence of Zinc Stearate Complexes on the Sulfur Vulcanization of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer.

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Title: The Influence of Zinc Stearate Complexes on the Sulfur Vulcanization of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer.
Authors: Kaczewiak, Krzysztof1,2 (AUTHOR) krzysztof.kaczewiak@dokt.p.lodz.pl, Głąb, Piotr2 (AUTHOR), Maciejewska, Magdalena3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Nov2025, Vol. 17 Issue 21, p2875. 27p.
Subjects: Zinc oxide, Vulcanization, Elastomers, Zinc compounds, Artificial rubber, Thermal properties
Abstract: This article explores the influence of synthesized zinc stearate (ZnSt) complexes with different molar ratios of zinc oxide (ZnO) and stearic acid (StA) on the sulfur vulcanization and properties of the ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM). The aim of study was to reduce the amount of ZnO in elastomer composites without affecting their compression set. The research involves synthesizing zinc complexes, including the addition of sulfur, and using them as activators in EPDM compounds. The synthesized products were characterized using DSC and FTIR to identify their composition and thermal properties. The results of the compression set and equilibrium swelling tests indicated that ZnO was used in excess as an activator. Zinc complexes allowed for a significant reduction in zinc content compared to ZnO. The stoichiometric salt of ZnO and StA was the most effective in terms of vulcanization parameters and the compression set. Non-stoichiometric complexes were less effective, proportionally to their content. SEM images showed that the dispersion of components was relatively homogeneous in vulcanizates with active ZnO and commercial ZnSt. However, the blooming of ZnSt from vulcanizates was observed. Thus, using synthesized materials could reduce the zinc content in EPDM composites while maintaining good properties, but a further reduction is needed to avoid blooming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Influence of Zinc Stearate Complexes on the Sulfur Vulcanization of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zinc+oxide%22">Zinc oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vulcanization%22">Vulcanization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elastomers%22">Elastomers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zinc+compounds%22">Zinc compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+rubber%22">Artificial rubber</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink>
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  Data: This article explores the influence of synthesized zinc stearate (ZnSt) complexes with different molar ratios of zinc oxide (ZnO) and stearic acid (StA) on the sulfur vulcanization and properties of the ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM). The aim of study was to reduce the amount of ZnO in elastomer composites without affecting their compression set. The research involves synthesizing zinc complexes, including the addition of sulfur, and using them as activators in EPDM compounds. The synthesized products were characterized using DSC and FTIR to identify their composition and thermal properties. The results of the compression set and equilibrium swelling tests indicated that ZnO was used in excess as an activator. Zinc complexes allowed for a significant reduction in zinc content compared to ZnO. The stoichiometric salt of ZnO and StA was the most effective in terms of vulcanization parameters and the compression set. Non-stoichiometric complexes were less effective, proportionally to their content. SEM images showed that the dispersion of components was relatively homogeneous in vulcanizates with active ZnO and commercial ZnSt. However, the blooming of ZnSt from vulcanizates was observed. Thus, using synthesized materials could reduce the zinc content in EPDM composites while maintaining good properties, but a further reduction is needed to avoid blooming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17212875
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elastomers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zinc compounds
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      – SubjectFull: Artificial rubber
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      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
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      – TitleFull: The Influence of Zinc Stearate Complexes on the Sulfur Vulcanization of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer.
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
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              Y: 2025
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