Reduction in Sulfur Diffusion in Recycled Ground Rubber-Containing Compounds to Improve Tensile Strength †.
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| Title: | Reduction in Sulfur Diffusion in Recycled Ground Rubber-Containing Compounds to Improve Tensile Strength †. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Frosch, Stefan1 (AUTHOR) stefan.frosch@thws.de, Herrmann, Volker1,2 (AUTHOR), Grunert, Fabian1,2 (AUTHOR), Blume, Anke2 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Polymers (20734360). Nov2025, Vol. 17 Issue 21, p2942. 17p. |
| Subjects: | Tensile strength, Vulcanization, Mechanical behavior of materials, Sustainability, Crumb rubber, Tire recycling |
| Abstract: | Recycling end-of-life rubber to compound components for new formulations is one of the most promising ways to reach the sustainability goals of the rubber industry. Today, devulcanization and pyrolysis are both methods to reuse crosslinked elastomers. A third recycling approach is to process end-of-life rubber into ground rubber (GR), which is then added to green compounds. However, free sulfur diffuses during mixing, storage and vulcanization from the matrix material into the GR particles. As a result, the crosslink density in the matrix is reduced, which deteriorates the in-rubber properties of GR-containing vulcanizates compared to those that do not contain GR. Therefore, GR particles are mainly used today for rubber parts with less demanding dynamic-mechanical requirements, which limits the use of the particles. This study presents an approach for reducing the sulfur diffusion from the matrix into the GR particles by prevulcanizing the green matrix material. This leads to GR-containing vulcanizates with significantly improved mechanical properties. This new approach shows that the quality of the recycled rubber product can be significantly increased by blocking the sulfur diffusion. Even though such prevulcanization is currently only feasible under laboratory conditions, it might also pave the way for finding solutions in a production scale for an effective incorporation of GR into new rubber compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 189608578 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Reduction in Sulfur Diffusion in Recycled Ground Rubber-Containing Compounds to Improve Tensile Strength †. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frosch%2C+Stefan%22">Frosch, Stefan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> stefan.frosch@thws.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Herrmann%2C+Volker%22">Herrmann, Volker</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grunert%2C+Fabian%22">Grunert, Fabian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Blume%2C+Anke%22">Blume, Anke</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 17 Issue 21, p2942. 17p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tensile+strength%22">Tensile strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vulcanization%22">Vulcanization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crumb+rubber%22">Crumb rubber</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tire+recycling%22">Tire recycling</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Recycling end-of-life rubber to compound components for new formulations is one of the most promising ways to reach the sustainability goals of the rubber industry. Today, devulcanization and pyrolysis are both methods to reuse crosslinked elastomers. A third recycling approach is to process end-of-life rubber into ground rubber (GR), which is then added to green compounds. However, free sulfur diffuses during mixing, storage and vulcanization from the matrix material into the GR particles. As a result, the crosslink density in the matrix is reduced, which deteriorates the in-rubber properties of GR-containing vulcanizates compared to those that do not contain GR. Therefore, GR particles are mainly used today for rubber parts with less demanding dynamic-mechanical requirements, which limits the use of the particles. This study presents an approach for reducing the sulfur diffusion from the matrix into the GR particles by prevulcanizing the green matrix material. This leads to GR-containing vulcanizates with significantly improved mechanical properties. This new approach shows that the quality of the recycled rubber product can be significantly increased by blocking the sulfur diffusion. Even though such prevulcanization is currently only feasible under laboratory conditions, it might also pave the way for finding solutions in a production scale for an effective incorporation of GR into new rubber compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/polym17212942 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 17 StartPage: 2942 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Tensile strength Type: general – SubjectFull: Vulcanization Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Sustainability Type: general – SubjectFull: Crumb rubber Type: general – SubjectFull: Tire recycling Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Reduction in Sulfur Diffusion in Recycled Ground Rubber-Containing Compounds to Improve Tensile Strength †. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Frosch, Stefan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Herrmann, Volker – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Grunert, Fabian – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Blume, Anke IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Text: Nov2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20734360 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 17 – Type: issue Value: 21 Titles: – TitleFull: Polymers (20734360) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
