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Fast measurement of low air velocity based on a new approach to the phase modulated ultrasonic method.

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Title: Fast measurement of low air velocity based on a new approach to the phase modulated ultrasonic method.
Authors: Nowak, Adrian1 (AUTHOR), Kierat, Wojciech1 (AUTHOR) wojciech.kierat@polsl.pl, Milik, Adam1 (AUTHOR), Rudnicki, Tomasz1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Measurement (02632241). Jan2026:Part D, Vol. 258, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Phase modulation, Programmable logic devices, Ultrasonic testing, Statistical reliability, Wind speed measurement, Properties of fluids
Abstract: • Ultrasonic method for fast, low air velocity measurement is utilized. • The use of programmable logic allows for high measurement accuracy. • Static and dynamic properties of the measurement are checked. This article presents new possibilities for using ultrasonic waves with phase modulation for air velocity measurement, which are obtained by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to generate, acquire, and process ultrasonic signals. The designed measurement system allows for measuring the velocity of air or other gases from zero velocities with an expanded uncertainty of 0.02 m/s plus 1 % of the measured value. The main source of measurement uncertainty is the uncertainty of the calibration stand. The static characteristics are verified by moving the entire measurement system mounted on a trolley along a closed measurement chamber, in which the air movement is negligible. Due to limitations on the maximum speed of the trolley movement, the system was tested only up to 1 m/s, even though the measurement range of the system is much larger. The use of a programmable logic system enables the measurement cycle to be performed and the velocity component value to be obtained with a frequency of 200 Hz, much faster than would be possible using microprocessor systems. Thanks to the high time resolution of 5 ns, when measuring the duration of the ultrasonic signal periods, it was possible to precisely capture changes in the response of the receiving transducer and changes in the phase of the ultrasonic wave generated by the transmitting transducer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Measurement (02632241) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189645415
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Fast measurement of low air velocity based on a new approach to the phase modulated ultrasonic method.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nowak%2C+Adrian%22">Nowak, Adrian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kierat%2C+Wojciech%22">Kierat, Wojciech</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wojciech.kierat@polsl.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Milik%2C+Adam%22">Milik, Adam</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rudnicki%2C+Tomasz%22">Rudnicki, Tomasz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Measurement+%2802632241%29%22">Measurement (02632241)</searchLink>. Jan2026:Part D, Vol. 258, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+modulation%22">Phase modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Programmable+logic+devices%22">Programmable logic devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+testing%22">Ultrasonic testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+reliability%22">Statistical reliability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+speed+measurement%22">Wind speed measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Properties+of+fluids%22">Properties of fluids</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Ultrasonic method for fast, low air velocity measurement is utilized. • The use of programmable logic allows for high measurement accuracy. • Static and dynamic properties of the measurement are checked. This article presents new possibilities for using ultrasonic waves with phase modulation for air velocity measurement, which are obtained by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to generate, acquire, and process ultrasonic signals. The designed measurement system allows for measuring the velocity of air or other gases from zero velocities with an expanded uncertainty of 0.02 m/s plus 1 % of the measured value. The main source of measurement uncertainty is the uncertainty of the calibration stand. The static characteristics are verified by moving the entire measurement system mounted on a trolley along a closed measurement chamber, in which the air movement is negligible. Due to limitations on the maximum speed of the trolley movement, the system was tested only up to 1 m/s, even though the measurement range of the system is much larger. The use of a programmable logic system enables the measurement cycle to be performed and the velocity component value to be obtained with a frequency of 200 Hz, much faster than would be possible using microprocessor systems. Thanks to the high time resolution of 5 ns, when measuring the duration of the ultrasonic signal periods, it was possible to precisely capture changes in the response of the receiving transducer and changes in the phase of the ultrasonic wave generated by the transmitting transducer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Measurement (02632241) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119373
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
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      – SubjectFull: Phase modulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Programmable logic devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistical reliability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind speed measurement
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      – SubjectFull: Properties of fluids
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      – TitleFull: Fast measurement of low air velocity based on a new approach to the phase modulated ultrasonic method.
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            NameFull: Nowak, Adrian
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            NameFull: Kierat, Wojciech
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            NameFull: Milik, Adam
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            – D: 31
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026:Part D
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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