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Temperature-tailored cellulose-rich Cladophora sp. hydrochar for selective malachite green adsorption from multi-dye systems.

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Title: Temperature-tailored cellulose-rich Cladophora sp. hydrochar for selective malachite green adsorption from multi-dye systems.
Authors: Badaruddin, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR), Hanum, Laila1,2 (AUTHOR), Melwita, Elda1,3 (AUTHOR), Wibiyan, Sahrul3,4 (AUTHOR), Hanifah, Yulizah5 (AUTHOR), Lesbani, Aldes1,3,4 (AUTHOR) aldeslesbani@pps.unsri.ac.id
Source: Biochemical Engineering Journal. Feb2026, Vol. 226, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Malachite green, Hydrothermal carbonization, Thermodynamics, Chemical kinetics, Dyes & dyeing, Physisorption, Carbon-based materials, Cladophora
Abstract: This study presents the selective adsorption of malachite green (MG) from multi-dye mixtures using hydrochar derived from Cladophora sp. (C) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 150°C (C150), 200°C (C200), 250°C (C250), and 300°C (C300). Structural characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, BET) confirmed enhanced porosity and surface functionalization with increasing HTC temperature. C200 exhibited the highest BET surface area (15.84 m²/g), while C300, with the largest pore size (18.27 nm), showed the highest MG adsorption capacity (204.1 mg/g), outperforming C (30.03 mg/g). Selective adsorption tests using ternary anionic-cationic dye mixtures revealed strong affinity toward cationic dyes, with MG showing 95.5 % removal by C300. Kinetic studies fitted the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption dominance; the Avrami model also correlated well. Increasing Avrami rate constant (k₃) and decreasing exponent (n) with HTC temperature indicate a transition from diffusion to surface-controlled chemisorption. Equilibrium data followed the Sips isotherm, reflecting mixed monolayer–multilayer adsorption on moderately heterogeneous surfaces. The rising Sips constant (Kₛ) with temperature confirmed an endothermic process consistent with thermodynamic findings, which also verified spontaneity. Regeneration studies showed C300 retained > 50 % efficiency after three cycles, demonstrating stability and reusability. FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses before and after MG adsorption confirmed interactions via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. • Hydrochars were synthesized from Cladophora sp. via hydrothermal carbonization at varying 150 °C-300 °C. • Hydrochar at 300 °C showed the highest adsorption of malachite green, 204.1 mg/g in multi-dye systems. • Selective adsorption showed strong preference for cationic dyes, especially malachite green (> 95 %). • C250 and C300 retained > 50 % efficiency after three cycles, showing good stability and reusability. • Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order and Avrami kinetics, fitted well to the Sips isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Biochemical Engineering Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189669723
AccessLevel: 6
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Temperature-tailored cellulose-rich Cladophora sp. hydrochar for selective malachite green adsorption from multi-dye systems.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Badaruddin%2C+Muhammad%22">Badaruddin, Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hanum%2C+Laila%22">Hanum, Laila</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Melwita%2C+Elda%22">Melwita, Elda</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wibiyan%2C+Sahrul%22">Wibiyan, Sahrul</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hanifah%2C+Yulizah%22">Hanifah, Yulizah</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lesbani%2C+Aldes%22">Lesbani, Aldes</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aldeslesbani@pps.unsri.ac.id</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Biochemical+Engineering+Journal%22">Biochemical Engineering Journal</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 226, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malachite+green%22">Malachite green</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrothermal+carbonization%22">Hydrothermal carbonization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dyes+%26+dyeing%22">Dyes & dyeing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physisorption%22">Physisorption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon-based+materials%22">Carbon-based materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cladophora%22">Cladophora</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study presents the selective adsorption of malachite green (MG) from multi-dye mixtures using hydrochar derived from Cladophora sp. (C) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 150°C (C150), 200°C (C200), 250°C (C250), and 300°C (C300). Structural characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, BET) confirmed enhanced porosity and surface functionalization with increasing HTC temperature. C200 exhibited the highest BET surface area (15.84 m²/g), while C300, with the largest pore size (18.27 nm), showed the highest MG adsorption capacity (204.1 mg/g), outperforming C (30.03 mg/g). Selective adsorption tests using ternary anionic-cationic dye mixtures revealed strong affinity toward cationic dyes, with MG showing 95.5 % removal by C300. Kinetic studies fitted the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption dominance; the Avrami model also correlated well. Increasing Avrami rate constant (k₃) and decreasing exponent (n) with HTC temperature indicate a transition from diffusion to surface-controlled chemisorption. Equilibrium data followed the Sips isotherm, reflecting mixed monolayer–multilayer adsorption on moderately heterogeneous surfaces. The rising Sips constant (Kₛ) with temperature confirmed an endothermic process consistent with thermodynamic findings, which also verified spontaneity. Regeneration studies showed C300 retained > 50 % efficiency after three cycles, demonstrating stability and reusability. FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses before and after MG adsorption confirmed interactions via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. • Hydrochars were synthesized from Cladophora sp. via hydrothermal carbonization at varying 150 °C-300 °C. • Hydrochar at 300 °C showed the highest adsorption of malachite green, 204.1 mg/g in multi-dye systems. • Selective adsorption showed strong preference for cationic dyes, especially malachite green (> 95 %). • C250 and C300 retained > 50 % efficiency after three cycles, showing good stability and reusability. • Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order and Avrami kinetics, fitted well to the Sips isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Biochemical Engineering Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.bej.2025.109986
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Malachite green
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrothermal carbonization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dyes & dyeing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physisorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon-based materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cladophora
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Temperature-tailored cellulose-rich Cladophora sp. hydrochar for selective malachite green adsorption from multi-dye systems.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Badaruddin, Muhammad
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            NameFull: Hanum, Laila
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            NameFull: Melwita, Elda
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            NameFull: Wibiyan, Sahrul
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            NameFull: Hanifah, Yulizah
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            NameFull: Lesbani, Aldes
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 226
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