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The Effect of the Recycling Process on the Performance of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Containing Recycled Rubber from End-of-Life Tires.

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Title: The Effect of the Recycling Process on the Performance of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Containing Recycled Rubber from End-of-Life Tires.
Authors: Narvaez-Fagoaga, Maialen1 (AUTHOR), Escrivá, Marina M.1 (AUTHOR), Zepeda-Rodríguez, Zenen1 (AUTHOR), Diñeiro, Laura1 (AUTHOR), Salamanca, Fernando M.1 (AUTHOR), Marcos-Fernández, Ángel1 (AUTHOR), Valentín, Juan L.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Nov2025, Vol. 17 Issue 22, p2992. 19p.
Subjects: Tire recycling, Waste tires, Mechanical behavior of materials, Waste recycling, Industrial applications, Thermoplastic elastomers, Crumb rubber, Vulcanization
Abstract: End-of-life tires (ELTs) are an important source of energy and materials, with ELT powder (ELTp) being a secondary raw material of increasing industrial interest. However, the complex structure and composition of ELTp rubber pose technological difficulties and scientific challenges in some high-performance applications in the rubber industry. The mechanical recycling of ELTp produces ground tire rubber (GTR) powder, which is used, among other applications in the rubber field, to prepare thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) due to the interest in these materials in the automotive and construction sectors. Over the last few decades, different approaches have been explored to minimize the limitations of these TPVs, including their large particle size and poor compatibility with GTR powder in other polymer matrices. This study applies different recycling procedures to GTR powder, based on thermal, chemical and mechanical methods, and combinations thereof, to minimize interfacial issues with other matrices used in TPV preparation. The effect of the different rubber recycling processes on the performance of the resulting TPVs was evaluated, optimizing the fraction of recycled rubber from ELTp and the vulcanization system to enhance the mechanical properties and obtain industrially competitive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Effect of the Recycling Process on the Performance of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Containing Recycled Rubber from End-of-Life Tires.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Narvaez-Fagoaga%2C+Maialen%22">Narvaez-Fagoaga, Maialen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Escrivá%2C+Marina+M%2E%22">Escrivá, Marina M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zepeda-Rodríguez%2C+Zenen%22">Zepeda-Rodríguez, Zenen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Diñeiro%2C+Laura%22">Diñeiro, Laura</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Salamanca%2C+Fernando+M%2E%22">Salamanca, Fernando M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcos-Fernández%2C+Ángel%22">Marcos-Fernández, Ángel</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Valentín%2C+Juan+L%2E%22">Valentín, Juan L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 17 Issue 22, p2992. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tire+recycling%22">Tire recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+tires%22">Waste tires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+recycling%22">Waste recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+applications%22">Industrial applications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoplastic+elastomers%22">Thermoplastic elastomers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crumb+rubber%22">Crumb rubber</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vulcanization%22">Vulcanization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: End-of-life tires (ELTs) are an important source of energy and materials, with ELT powder (ELTp) being a secondary raw material of increasing industrial interest. However, the complex structure and composition of ELTp rubber pose technological difficulties and scientific challenges in some high-performance applications in the rubber industry. The mechanical recycling of ELTp produces ground tire rubber (GTR) powder, which is used, among other applications in the rubber field, to prepare thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) due to the interest in these materials in the automotive and construction sectors. Over the last few decades, different approaches have been explored to minimize the limitations of these TPVs, including their large particle size and poor compatibility with GTR powder in other polymer matrices. This study applies different recycling procedures to GTR powder, based on thermal, chemical and mechanical methods, and combinations thereof, to minimize interfacial issues with other matrices used in TPV preparation. The effect of the different rubber recycling processes on the performance of the resulting TPVs was evaluated, optimizing the fraction of recycled rubber from ELTp and the vulcanization system to enhance the mechanical properties and obtain industrially competitive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17222992
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      – SubjectFull: Tire recycling
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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      – SubjectFull: Waste recycling
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      – SubjectFull: Industrial applications
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      – SubjectFull: Thermoplastic elastomers
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      – SubjectFull: Crumb rubber
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      – SubjectFull: Vulcanization
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      – TitleFull: The Effect of the Recycling Process on the Performance of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Containing Recycled Rubber from End-of-Life Tires.
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              Text: Nov2025
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              Y: 2025
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