The Reduction-to-First-Order Method and the Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Ordinary Differential Equations of Any Order.

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Title: The Reduction-to-First-Order Method and the Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Ordinary Differential Equations of Any Order.
Authors: Salim, Daniel1 daniel.salim@unpar.ac.id, Hoseana, Jonathan1 j.hoseana@unpar.ac.id
Source: Engineering Letters. Dec2025, Vol. 33 Issue 12, p4777-4786. 10p.
Subjects: Ordinary differential equations, Initial value problems, Differential equations, Signal convolution
Abstract: The article focuses on the reduction-to-first-order method for solving linear constant-coefficient ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of any order. It presents explicit formulas for the general solution and the corresponding initial value problem, addressing both homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases without requiring separate treatments for equal characteristic roots. The authors introduce key concepts such as convolution and an indefinite variant to streamline the solution process. The paper aims to provide a rigorous theoretical foundation for this method, which has been previously underexplored in the literature. [Extracted from the article]
Copyright of Engineering Letters is the property of International Association of Engineers (IAENG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Reduction-to-First-Order Method and the Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Ordinary Differential Equations of Any Order.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Salim%2C+Daniel%22">Salim, Daniel</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> daniel.salim@unpar.ac.id</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hoseana%2C+Jonathan%22">Hoseana, Jonathan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> j.hoseana@unpar.ac.id</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Engineering+Letters%22">Engineering Letters</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 33 Issue 12, p4777-4786. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ordinary+differential+equations%22">Ordinary differential equations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Initial+value+problems%22">Initial value problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Differential+equations%22">Differential equations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+convolution%22">Signal convolution</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The article focuses on the reduction-to-first-order method for solving linear constant-coefficient ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of any order. It presents explicit formulas for the general solution and the corresponding initial value problem, addressing both homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases without requiring separate treatments for equal characteristic roots. The authors introduce key concepts such as convolution and an indefinite variant to streamline the solution process. The paper aims to provide a rigorous theoretical foundation for this method, which has been previously underexplored in the literature. [Extracted from the article]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Engineering Letters is the property of International Association of Engineers (IAENG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 4777
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Ordinary differential equations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Initial value problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Differential equations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal convolution
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: The Reduction-to-First-Order Method and the Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Ordinary Differential Equations of Any Order.
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            NameFull: Salim, Daniel
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
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              Y: 2025
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