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A Real-Time and Highly Sensitive Differential Microwave Sensor for Liquid Characterization.

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Title: A Real-Time and Highly Sensitive Differential Microwave Sensor for Liquid Characterization.
Authors: Mohammadi, Pejman1 (AUTHOR) p.mohammadi@iaurmia.ac.ir, Mohammadi, Ali2 (AUTHOR) a.mohammadi@bath.ac.uk, Kara, Ali3 (AUTHOR) akara@gazi.edu.tr
Source: IETE Journal of Research. Jul2025, Vol. 71 Issue 7, p2383-2394. 12p.
Subjects: Liquid analysis, Microwave detectors, Sensitivity analysis, Transmission zeros, Resonators, Analytical chemistry, Detectors
Abstract: Microwave sensors used for measuring the electrical properties of chemical liquids are vulnerable to ambient conditions. Differential mechanisms with two sensing elements are suggested to minimize these effects. Existing differential sensors suffer from lower sensitivity and/or large sizes caused by two sensing elements. This paper presents a novel differential microwave sensing concept with a single sensing element, which minimizes undesired environmental effects. The proposed single-element microwave sensor configuration provides higher sensitivity and smaller size. This new sensor topology benefits from the integration of a narrow bandpass filter with modified Split Ring Resonators (SRRs). The frequency response of the sensor includes two different transmission zeros (TZ) in the transmission coefficient. The TZ generated from the magnetic-dipole behavior of SRRs in the rejection band, varies with a dielectric constant of material under test (MUT), whereas the TZ associated with direct input/output coupling of the bandpass filter remains constant for different MUTs. Hence, the differential operation can be accomplished using the two different TZs with a single sensing section. The synthesis approach of the proposed architecture is described in addition to parametric analysis for investigating the effect of filter and SRRs dimensions on both TZs. The measurements on the prototype sensor show 3.44% normalized sensitivity, which is 36% higher than the most sensitive sensor for liquid characterization. The proposed sensor could be used in real-time, highly sensitive chemical liquid analysis applications, with robustness against environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of IETE Journal of Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: A Real-Time and Highly Sensitive Differential Microwave Sensor for Liquid Characterization.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohammadi%2C+Pejman%22">Mohammadi, Pejman</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> p.mohammadi@iaurmia.ac.ir</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohammadi%2C+Ali%22">Mohammadi, Ali</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> a.mohammadi@bath.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kara%2C+Ali%22">Kara, Ali</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> akara@gazi.edu.tr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22IETE+Journal+of+Research%22">IETE Journal of Research</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 71 Issue 7, p2383-2394. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquid+analysis%22">Liquid analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+detectors%22">Microwave detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensitivity+analysis%22">Sensitivity analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transmission+zeros%22">Transmission zeros</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Resonators%22">Resonators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Analytical+chemistry%22">Analytical chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Detectors%22">Detectors</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Microwave sensors used for measuring the electrical properties of chemical liquids are vulnerable to ambient conditions. Differential mechanisms with two sensing elements are suggested to minimize these effects. Existing differential sensors suffer from lower sensitivity and/or large sizes caused by two sensing elements. This paper presents a novel differential microwave sensing concept with a single sensing element, which minimizes undesired environmental effects. The proposed single-element microwave sensor configuration provides higher sensitivity and smaller size. This new sensor topology benefits from the integration of a narrow bandpass filter with modified Split Ring Resonators (SRRs). The frequency response of the sensor includes two different transmission zeros (TZ) in the transmission coefficient. The TZ generated from the magnetic-dipole behavior of SRRs in the rejection band, varies with a dielectric constant of material under test (MUT), whereas the TZ associated with direct input/output coupling of the bandpass filter remains constant for different MUTs. Hence, the differential operation can be accomplished using the two different TZs with a single sensing section. The synthesis approach of the proposed architecture is described in addition to parametric analysis for investigating the effect of filter and SRRs dimensions on both TZs. The measurements on the prototype sensor show 3.44% normalized sensitivity, which is 36% higher than the most sensitive sensor for liquid characterization. The proposed sensor could be used in real-time, highly sensitive chemical liquid analysis applications, with robustness against environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of IETE Journal of Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1080/03772063.2025.2486588
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 2383
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Liquid analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave detectors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensitivity analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transmission zeros
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Resonators
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      – SubjectFull: Analytical chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Detectors
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A Real-Time and Highly Sensitive Differential Microwave Sensor for Liquid Characterization.
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            NameFull: Mohammadi, Pejman
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            NameFull: Mohammadi, Ali
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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