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Liquid–liquid equilibrium studies of n‐butane–bitumen system with application to solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery.

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Title: Liquid–liquid equilibrium studies of n‐butane–bitumen system with application to solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery.
Authors: Mahgoub, Amr1 (AUTHOR), Khan, Mohammad Shah Faisal1 (AUTHOR), Abdi, Mahmood1 (AUTHOR), Hassanzadeh, Hassan1 (AUTHOR) hhassanz@ucalgary.ca
Source: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. Jan2026, Vol. 104 Issue 1, p425-441. 17p.
Subjects: Liquid-liquid equilibrium, Butane, Thermophysical properties, Bitumen, Peng-Robinson equation, Solvent extraction, Thermodynamics, Phase equilibrium
Abstract: Solvent‐assisted recovery methods have gained attention as an alternative to conventional thermal methods which have significant environmental drawbacks and high greenhouse gas emissions. Solvent‐assisted recovery methods can lead to various phase equilibria, such as vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) and liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE), under specific thermodynamic conditions. A thorough understanding of this phenomenon is essential for effectively designing and optimizing these processes. Despite the availability of both VLE and LLE for mixtures of solvent‐bitumen systems, LLE data is scarcer, particularly at conditions close to the solvent's saturation pressure. This study reports on LLE measurements of n‐butane–bitumen mixtures at temperatures ranging from 295 to 372 K. The pressures were set just above the solvent's saturation pressure at each temperature to maintain LLE conditions. We examined both the phase behaviour and thermophysical properties of the mixture. The thermophysical properties of the light phase, including density and viscosity, were recorded. The bubble point pressure, n‐butane content in the light phase, heavy phase onset, and detailed characterization of both the light and heavy cuts were also conducted. The experimental thermophysical data were then modelled using the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR‐EoS) and modified Pederson model. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of the LLE behaviour of n‐butane–bitumen systems under conditions near the solvent's saturation pressure and find plications in solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 189729535
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Liquid–liquid equilibrium studies of n‐butane–bitumen system with application to solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mahgoub%2C+Amr%22">Mahgoub, Amr</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khan%2C+Mohammad+Shah+Faisal%22">Khan, Mohammad Shah Faisal</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdi%2C+Mahmood%22">Abdi, Mahmood</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hassanzadeh%2C+Hassan%22">Hassanzadeh, Hassan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hhassanz@ucalgary.ca</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Canadian+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering%22">Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 104 Issue 1, p425-441. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquid-liquid+equilibrium%22">Liquid-liquid equilibrium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Butane%22">Butane</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermophysical+properties%22">Thermophysical properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bitumen%22">Bitumen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peng-Robinson+equation%22">Peng-Robinson equation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solvent+extraction%22">Solvent extraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+equilibrium%22">Phase equilibrium</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Solvent‐assisted recovery methods have gained attention as an alternative to conventional thermal methods which have significant environmental drawbacks and high greenhouse gas emissions. Solvent‐assisted recovery methods can lead to various phase equilibria, such as vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) and liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE), under specific thermodynamic conditions. A thorough understanding of this phenomenon is essential for effectively designing and optimizing these processes. Despite the availability of both VLE and LLE for mixtures of solvent‐bitumen systems, LLE data is scarcer, particularly at conditions close to the solvent's saturation pressure. This study reports on LLE measurements of n‐butane–bitumen mixtures at temperatures ranging from 295 to 372 K. The pressures were set just above the solvent's saturation pressure at each temperature to maintain LLE conditions. We examined both the phase behaviour and thermophysical properties of the mixture. The thermophysical properties of the light phase, including density and viscosity, were recorded. The bubble point pressure, n‐butane content in the light phase, heavy phase onset, and detailed characterization of both the light and heavy cuts were also conducted. The experimental thermophysical data were then modelled using the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR‐EoS) and modified Pederson model. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of the LLE behaviour of n‐butane–bitumen systems under conditions near the solvent's saturation pressure and find plications in solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/cjce.70005
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 425
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Liquid-liquid equilibrium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Butane
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermophysical properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bitumen
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peng-Robinson equation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solvent extraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase equilibrium
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Liquid–liquid equilibrium studies of n‐butane–bitumen system with application to solvent‐aided in situ bitumen recovery.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mahgoub, Amr
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Khan, Mohammad Shah Faisal
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Abdi, Mahmood
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hassanzadeh, Hassan
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 00084034
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              Value: 104
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              Value: 1
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            – TitleFull: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
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