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Suggested Modifications to ASTM C31/C31M for Consolidation by Rodding.

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Title: Suggested Modifications to ASTM C31/C31M for Consolidation by Rodding.
Authors: Toebben, Paige1, Riding, Kyle2, El Fattah, Ahmed Abd3, Feys, Dimitri4
Source: ACI Materials Journal. Nov2025, Vol. 122 Issue 6, p47-57. 26p.
Subjects: Compressive strength, Concrete testing, Concrete mixing, Particle size distribution, ASTM International (Company), Self-consolidating concrete, Concrete construction, Building material testing
Abstract: ASTM C31/C31M describes the procedure of making concrete specimens in the field. Its origin can be traced to 1920, proposing rodding or stroking each 100 mm thick layer 25 to 30 times. Concrete technology has evolved tremendously over the last century, but specimens are still prepared following this 100-year-old methodology. This paper investigates the density and compressive strength of concrete cylinders for different consolidation procedures. Mixture design variations include paste volume, water-cement ratio (w/c), aggregate grain size distribution, fly ash, and water-reducing agent. An increase in compressive strength of approximately 5 MPa can be obtained if 100 x 200 mm cylinders are rodded in four layers, 25 rods each, if the slump is not over 100 mm. For all other mixtures, the current rodding procedure of two layers, 25 rods each, is recommended. For mixtures with higher slump, two layers with less rodding per layer deliver similar strength values, but the variability is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of ACI Materials Journal is the property of American Concrete Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Suggested Modifications to ASTM C31/C31M for Consolidation by Rodding.
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  Data: ASTM C31/C31M describes the procedure of making concrete specimens in the field. Its origin can be traced to 1920, proposing rodding or stroking each 100 mm thick layer 25 to 30 times. Concrete technology has evolved tremendously over the last century, but specimens are still prepared following this 100-year-old methodology. This paper investigates the density and compressive strength of concrete cylinders for different consolidation procedures. Mixture design variations include paste volume, water-cement ratio (w/c), aggregate grain size distribution, fly ash, and water-reducing agent. An increase in compressive strength of approximately 5 MPa can be obtained if 100 x 200 mm cylinders are rodded in four layers, 25 rods each, if the slump is not over 100 mm. For all other mixtures, the current rodding procedure of two layers, 25 rods each, is recommended. For mixtures with higher slump, two layers with less rodding per layer deliver similar strength values, but the variability is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of ACI Materials Journal is the property of American Concrete Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.14359/51749124
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 26
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      – SubjectFull: Compressive strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Concrete testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Concrete mixing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Particle size distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: ASTM International (Company)
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      – SubjectFull: Self-consolidating concrete
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      – SubjectFull: Concrete construction
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      – SubjectFull: Building material testing
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      – TitleFull: Suggested Modifications to ASTM C31/C31M for Consolidation by Rodding.
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            NameFull: Toebben, Paige
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            NameFull: Riding, Kyle
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            NameFull: El Fattah, Ahmed Abd
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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