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Upper-Ocean Response to Strong Wind Forcing in a Loop Current Eddy.

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Title: Upper-Ocean Response to Strong Wind Forcing in a Loop Current Eddy.
Authors: García-Martínez, Ivonne M.1 (AUTHOR), Sheinbaum, Julio1 (AUTHOR), Zavala Sansón, Luis1 (AUTHOR), Jouanno, Julien2 (AUTHOR), Pallàs-Sanz, Enric1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Physical Oceanography. Dec2025, Vol. 55 Issue 12, p2401-2420. 20p.
Subjects: Loop Current, Ocean dynamics, Hydrodynamics, Ocean currents, Westerlies, Gulf Stream, Ocean surface topography, Wind pressure, Ocean-atmosphere interaction
Geographic Terms: Gulf of Mexico
Abstract: From autumn to spring, the dynamics and thermodynamics of the anticyclonic eddies detached from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico are actively influenced by the passage of cold fronts and accompanying strong northerly winds (locally called Nortes). In this work, the dynamical mechanisms of eddy–strong wind interactions are analyzed based on realistic, forced, eddy-permitting (∼3 km) numerical simulations of the NEMO ocean model that reproduce observations collected from an oceanographic cruise in November 2022 and satellite data. We focus the analysis on three interconnected aspects: (i) the upper-ocean rapid response to the passage of Norte events, where deepening of the mixed layer and upwelling velocities in the eddy interior are identified; (ii) the modulation of the vertical velocity patterns by the wind stress curl and the horizontal advection of vorticity due to Ekman transport, finding that the latter term is the dominant contributor under moderate winds, and similar contributions from both terms under strong wind forcing; and (iii) the rate of wind work and wind power input on the geostrophic flow over the anticyclone and its dependence on specific vortex and wind parameters. By contrasting simulations that use the absolute or relative wind in the wind stress parameterization, we also find that the eddy is either intensified or less damped in the absolute wind simulation. Furthermore, this is a dynamically consistent response identifiable in day-to-day variations. This analysis contributes to the understanding of key air–sea interactions occurring at the mesoscale in a highly energetic ocean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Physical Oceanography is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Upper-Ocean Response to Strong Wind Forcing in a Loop Current Eddy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22García-Martínez%2C+Ivonne+M%2E%22">García-Martínez, Ivonne M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sheinbaum%2C+Julio%22">Sheinbaum, Julio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zavala+Sansón%2C+Luis%22">Zavala Sansón, Luis</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jouanno%2C+Julien%22">Jouanno, Julien</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pallàs-Sanz%2C+Enric%22">Pallàs-Sanz, Enric</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Physical+Oceanography%22">Journal of Physical Oceanography</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 55 Issue 12, p2401-2420. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Loop+Current%22">Loop Current</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+dynamics%22">Ocean dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrodynamics%22">Hydrodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+currents%22">Ocean currents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Westerlies%22">Westerlies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gulf+Stream%22">Gulf Stream</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+surface+topography%22">Ocean surface topography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+pressure%22">Wind pressure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean-atmosphere+interaction%22">Ocean-atmosphere interaction</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22">Gulf of Mexico</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: From autumn to spring, the dynamics and thermodynamics of the anticyclonic eddies detached from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico are actively influenced by the passage of cold fronts and accompanying strong northerly winds (locally called Nortes). In this work, the dynamical mechanisms of eddy–strong wind interactions are analyzed based on realistic, forced, eddy-permitting (∼3 km) numerical simulations of the NEMO ocean model that reproduce observations collected from an oceanographic cruise in November 2022 and satellite data. We focus the analysis on three interconnected aspects: (i) the upper-ocean rapid response to the passage of Norte events, where deepening of the mixed layer and upwelling velocities in the eddy interior are identified; (ii) the modulation of the vertical velocity patterns by the wind stress curl and the horizontal advection of vorticity due to Ekman transport, finding that the latter term is the dominant contributor under moderate winds, and similar contributions from both terms under strong wind forcing; and (iii) the rate of wind work and wind power input on the geostrophic flow over the anticyclone and its dependence on specific vortex and wind parameters. By contrasting simulations that use the absolute or relative wind in the wind stress parameterization, we also find that the eddy is either intensified or less damped in the absolute wind simulation. Furthermore, this is a dynamically consistent response identifiable in day-to-day variations. This analysis contributes to the understanding of key air–sea interactions occurring at the mesoscale in a highly energetic ocean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Physical Oceanography is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1175/JPO-D-25-0022.1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 2401
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Loop Current
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean currents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Westerlies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gulf Stream
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean surface topography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind pressure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean-atmosphere interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gulf of Mexico
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Upper-Ocean Response to Strong Wind Forcing in a Loop Current Eddy.
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            NameFull: García-Martínez, Ivonne M.
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            NameFull: Sheinbaum, Julio
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            NameFull: Zavala Sansón, Luis
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            NameFull: Jouanno, Julien
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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