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Graphitic carbon nitride-engineered disposable test strip for point-of-care electrochemical detection of acetaminophen in whole blood: addressing NSAIDs interference.

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Title: Graphitic carbon nitride-engineered disposable test strip for point-of-care electrochemical detection of acetaminophen in whole blood: addressing NSAIDs interference.
Authors: Mathur, Neha1 (AUTHOR), Khan, Ab Lateef1 (AUTHOR), Bhuradiya, Kushal1 (AUTHOR), Panwar, Raghvendra1 (AUTHOR), Gupta, Umesh2,3 (AUTHOR), Roy, Partha1 (AUTHOR), Gupta, Pankaj1 (AUTHOR) pankaj.gupta@curaj.ac.in
Source: Microchemical Journal. Dec2025, Vol. 219, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Acetaminophen, Point-of-care testing, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, Diagnostic specimens, Electrochemical sensors, Blood products, Carbon-based materials
Abstract: This research delineates the execution of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE/gCN-NS) for the quantitative electrochemical analysis of acetaminophen in real-world clinical samples like human serum and finger-prick whole blood. The disposable SPCE/gCN-NS achieves outstanding analytical functionality by providing accurate results in a sample volume of only 40 μL, showcasing an average detection limit of 0.8 μM for the detection of acetaminophen and a significantly long linear range spanning 1 μM to 5 mM, which is viable for clinical use. This cost-effective disposable test strip presents a good quantitative detection with recovery efficiencies of 64 % in serum and 62 % in whole blood. Moreover, the developed SPCE/gCN-NS electrode reveals a linear response toward acetaminophen with sensitivities of 0.0289 μA μM−1, 0.0183 μA μM−1, and 0.018 μA μM−1 in phosphate buffer, human serum and whole blood, respectively. The interference studies confirmed excellent selectivity against commonly co-administered NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin) and other potential interfering drugs, validating its applicability for clinical samples. These findings demonstrate that the SPCE/gCN-NS is highly appropriate for single-drop electrochemical analysis of pharmacologically active compounds, the unbound fraction of acetaminophen in serum and blood, allowing straightforward detection without prior separation procedures. By virtue of its high sensitivity, selectivity, matrix adaptability, fabrication, and operational simplicity, this disposable test strip serves as a potential candidate for a handheld drug analysis system for point-of-care applications, particularly in remote and emergency clinical settings. [Display omitted] • gCN-NS/SPCE enables detection of acetaminophen in unprocessed biofluids. • Sensor strip achieved clinically relevant detection limit of 0.8 μM. • Only 20 μL blood needed to screen for acetaminophen overdose. • Excellent selectivity with minimal interference from similar drugs. • Low-cost, scalable sensor works in buffer, serum, and whole blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Engineering Source
Description
Abstract:This research delineates the execution of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE/gCN-NS) for the quantitative electrochemical analysis of acetaminophen in real-world clinical samples like human serum and finger-prick whole blood. The disposable SPCE/gCN-NS achieves outstanding analytical functionality by providing accurate results in a sample volume of only 40 μL, showcasing an average detection limit of 0.8 μM for the detection of acetaminophen and a significantly long linear range spanning 1 μM to 5 mM, which is viable for clinical use. This cost-effective disposable test strip presents a good quantitative detection with recovery efficiencies of 64 % in serum and 62 % in whole blood. Moreover, the developed SPCE/gCN-NS electrode reveals a linear response toward acetaminophen with sensitivities of 0.0289 μA μM−1, 0.0183 μA μM−1, and 0.018 μA μM−1 in phosphate buffer, human serum and whole blood, respectively. The interference studies confirmed excellent selectivity against commonly co-administered NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin) and other potential interfering drugs, validating its applicability for clinical samples. These findings demonstrate that the SPCE/gCN-NS is highly appropriate for single-drop electrochemical analysis of pharmacologically active compounds, the unbound fraction of acetaminophen in serum and blood, allowing straightforward detection without prior separation procedures. By virtue of its high sensitivity, selectivity, matrix adaptability, fabrication, and operational simplicity, this disposable test strip serves as a potential candidate for a handheld drug analysis system for point-of-care applications, particularly in remote and emergency clinical settings. [Display omitted] • gCN-NS/SPCE enables detection of acetaminophen in unprocessed biofluids. • Sensor strip achieved clinically relevant detection limit of 0.8 μM. • Only 20 μL blood needed to screen for acetaminophen overdose. • Excellent selectivity with minimal interference from similar drugs. • Low-cost, scalable sensor works in buffer, serum, and whole blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:0026265X
DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2025.115901