Full-Scale Fire Testing to Assess the Risk of Battery Electric Vehicle Fires in Underground Car Parks.
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| Title: | Full-Scale Fire Testing to Assess the Risk of Battery Electric Vehicle Fires in Underground Car Parks. |
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| Authors: | Kang, Sungwook1 (AUTHOR) sungwookkang@kcl.re.kr, Kwon, Minjae1 (AUTHOR) mj.kwon@kcl.re.kr, Choi, Joung Yoon1 (AUTHOR) j.yoon.choi@kcl.re.kr, Choi, Sengkwan2 (AUTHOR) sengkwanchoi@hotmail.com |
| Source: | Fire Technology. Nov2025, Vol. 61 Issue 6, p4133-4163. 31p. |
| Subjects: | Electric vehicles, Fire testing, Underground storage, Fire prevention, Thermal instability, Safety regulations |
| Abstract: | Battery-only electric vehicle (BEV) fires have recently emerged as a significant safety concern in modern society, particularly when they occur in car parking spaces, where the consequences can be severe. While relatively few fatalities and injuries are reported, the associated economic losses are substantial. Car park structures present several challenges from a fire safety perspective, including high energy content, confined geometry, and difficulties in detecting and accessing to the fire's origin due to smoke accumulation in spaces with limited ventilation and exits. This study investigates this fire hazard by conducting a full-scale fire test on a modern BEV in an instrumented test rig that simulates a segment of an underground car park. The data obtained were compared with standard fire curves to assess the hazard's characteristics and with the data from a companion study to identify differences between BEV fires in underground and surface car parks. The primary difference observed was deflagration venting, which occurred shortly after the initial ignition of combustible gases accumulated beneath the ceiling, lasting until 13 min and 5 s. This phenomenon led to a rapid initial growth of the BEV fire, which burned more intensely for a shorter duration in the semi-enclosed configuration comparted to the open configuration. The enclosed fire recorded an average ceiling-jet temperature of approximately 1100°C and a peak incident heat flux exceeding 225 kW/m2. Additionally, thermal runaway within the lithium-ion battery cells was analysed to understand the adverse effects of the enclosed environment on thermal runaway propagation. This fire testing provides critical insights for developing firefighting strategies including the proper preparation of equipment and the design of fire protection systems. The principal findings could inform tactics for mitigating unforeseen fire risks and contribute to revisions of fire safety regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 189909996 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Full-Scale Fire Testing to Assess the Risk of Battery Electric Vehicle Fires in Underground Car Parks. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kang%2C+Sungwook%22">Kang, Sungwook</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sungwookkang@kcl.re.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kwon%2C+Minjae%22">Kwon, Minjae</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mj.kwon@kcl.re.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choi%2C+Joung+Yoon%22">Choi, Joung Yoon</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> j.yoon.choi@kcl.re.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Choi%2C+Sengkwan%22">Choi, Sengkwan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sengkwanchoi@hotmail.com</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fire+Technology%22">Fire Technology</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 61 Issue 6, p4133-4163. 31p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+vehicles%22">Electric vehicles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+testing%22">Fire testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Underground+storage%22">Underground storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+prevention%22">Fire prevention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+instability%22">Thermal instability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Safety+regulations%22">Safety regulations</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Battery-only electric vehicle (BEV) fires have recently emerged as a significant safety concern in modern society, particularly when they occur in car parking spaces, where the consequences can be severe. While relatively few fatalities and injuries are reported, the associated economic losses are substantial. Car park structures present several challenges from a fire safety perspective, including high energy content, confined geometry, and difficulties in detecting and accessing to the fire's origin due to smoke accumulation in spaces with limited ventilation and exits. This study investigates this fire hazard by conducting a full-scale fire test on a modern BEV in an instrumented test rig that simulates a segment of an underground car park. The data obtained were compared with standard fire curves to assess the hazard's characteristics and with the data from a companion study to identify differences between BEV fires in underground and surface car parks. The primary difference observed was deflagration venting, which occurred shortly after the initial ignition of combustible gases accumulated beneath the ceiling, lasting until 13 min and 5 s. This phenomenon led to a rapid initial growth of the BEV fire, which burned more intensely for a shorter duration in the semi-enclosed configuration comparted to the open configuration. The enclosed fire recorded an average ceiling-jet temperature of approximately 1100°C and a peak incident heat flux exceeding 225 kW/m2. Additionally, thermal runaway within the lithium-ion battery cells was analysed to understand the adverse effects of the enclosed environment on thermal runaway propagation. This fire testing provides critical insights for developing firefighting strategies including the proper preparation of equipment and the design of fire protection systems. The principal findings could inform tactics for mitigating unforeseen fire risks and contribute to revisions of fire safety regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=189909996 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s10694-024-01694-7 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 31 StartPage: 4133 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Electric vehicles Type: general – SubjectFull: Fire testing Type: general – SubjectFull: Underground storage Type: general – SubjectFull: Fire prevention Type: general – SubjectFull: Thermal instability Type: general – SubjectFull: Safety regulations Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Full-Scale Fire Testing to Assess the Risk of Battery Electric Vehicle Fires in Underground Car Parks. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kang, Sungwook – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kwon, Minjae – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Choi, Joung Yoon – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Choi, Sengkwan IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Text: Nov2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00152684 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 61 – Type: issue Value: 6 Titles: – TitleFull: Fire Technology Type: main |
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