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Behavior of Glass Façades under Impact and Blast Loadings: An Abridged Review.

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Title: Behavior of Glass Façades under Impact and Blast Loadings: An Abridged Review.
Authors: Ambade, Deenay1 ambade.deenay3@gmail.com, Goel, Manmohan Dass2 mdgoel@apm.vnit.ac.in, Gupta, L. M.3 lmgupta@apm.vnit.ac.in
Source: Journal of Structural Design & Construction Practice. Feb2026, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Facades, Glass construction, Finite element method, Laminated glass, Extreme weather
Abstract: Glass is widely used in building façades, but its vulnerability to damage from windborne debris poses significant risks to nearby residents due to potential glass fragment hazards. The increasing use of glass façades in modern architecture has necessitated a deeper understanding of their performance under various environmental conditions. While glass façades enhance the aesthetic appeal and energy efficiency of buildings, they are susceptible to breakage due to factors like thermal stress, wind loads, impact forces, and extreme weather events like cyclones. This comprehensive review explores the key factors influencing glass breakage, outlines relevant international testing standards, and discusses advanced methods, like finite-element modeling, for assessing and improving glass resilience. FEM analysis, utilizing tools like LS-DYNA, is highlighted for its ability to predict the behavior of laminated glass panels under different stressors, aiding in the design of safer and more durable glass façades. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of adapting current standards to address the increasing frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change and the need for the development of new testing methods. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive review of past research conducted on laminated glass subjected to windborne debris and wind loading and proposes a way forward. Practical Applications: This study provides practical insights for improving the safety and resilience of glass façades in buildings, particularly during extreme weather events. Glass façades are increasingly popular in modern architecture, but their performance under severe conditions requires careful consideration of safety and durability. By identifying critical factors influencing glass breakage, such as impact velocity, debris characteristics, and glass type, and integrating advanced modeling techniques like finite-element analysis, the study presents insights into optimizing glass design and predicting failure mechanisms. This study addresses gaps between theoretical advancement and existing testing standards and a methodology for assessing glass impact resistance under real-world conditions. The findings of this study can guide engineers and designers in developing safer and more durable glass façades, ensuring better performance during extreme weather events, and contributing to more sustainable urban infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Structural Design & Construction Practice is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Behavior of Glass Façades under Impact and Blast Loadings: An Abridged Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ambade%2C+Deenay%22">Ambade, Deenay</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> ambade.deenay3@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goel%2C+Manmohan+Dass%22">Goel, Manmohan Dass</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> mdgoel@apm.vnit.ac.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gupta%2C+L%2E+M%2E%22">Gupta, L. M.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><i> lmgupta@apm.vnit.ac.in</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Structural+Design+%26+Construction+Practice%22">Journal of Structural Design & Construction Practice</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Facades%22">Facades</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glass+construction%22">Glass construction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laminated+glass%22">Laminated glass</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Extreme+weather%22">Extreme weather</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Glass is widely used in building façades, but its vulnerability to damage from windborne debris poses significant risks to nearby residents due to potential glass fragment hazards. The increasing use of glass façades in modern architecture has necessitated a deeper understanding of their performance under various environmental conditions. While glass façades enhance the aesthetic appeal and energy efficiency of buildings, they are susceptible to breakage due to factors like thermal stress, wind loads, impact forces, and extreme weather events like cyclones. This comprehensive review explores the key factors influencing glass breakage, outlines relevant international testing standards, and discusses advanced methods, like finite-element modeling, for assessing and improving glass resilience. FEM analysis, utilizing tools like LS-DYNA, is highlighted for its ability to predict the behavior of laminated glass panels under different stressors, aiding in the design of safer and more durable glass façades. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of adapting current standards to address the increasing frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change and the need for the development of new testing methods. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive review of past research conducted on laminated glass subjected to windborne debris and wind loading and proposes a way forward. Practical Applications: This study provides practical insights for improving the safety and resilience of glass façades in buildings, particularly during extreme weather events. Glass façades are increasingly popular in modern architecture, but their performance under severe conditions requires careful consideration of safety and durability. By identifying critical factors influencing glass breakage, such as impact velocity, debris characteristics, and glass type, and integrating advanced modeling techniques like finite-element analysis, the study presents insights into optimizing glass design and predicting failure mechanisms. This study addresses gaps between theoretical advancement and existing testing standards and a methodology for assessing glass impact resistance under real-world conditions. The findings of this study can guide engineers and designers in developing safer and more durable glass façades, ensuring better performance during extreme weather events, and contributing to more sustainable urban infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Structural Design & Construction Practice is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1061/JSDCCC.SCENG-1920
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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      – SubjectFull: Facades
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glass construction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laminated glass
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Extreme weather
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Behavior of Glass Façades under Impact and Blast Loadings: An Abridged Review.
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            NameFull: Ambade, Deenay
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            NameFull: Goel, Manmohan Dass
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            NameFull: Gupta, L. M.
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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