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Additive manufacturing of morphing structures with multi-stimuli activation capabilities.

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Title: Additive manufacturing of morphing structures with multi-stimuli activation capabilities.
Authors: Little, Isaac1 (AUTHOR), Tran, Adam1 (AUTHOR), Keller, Andrew1 (AUTHOR), Zuzelski, Matthew1 (AUTHOR), McKibben, Nicholas1 (AUTHOR), Messerli-Wallace, Jack2 (AUTHOR), Deng, Zhangxian1 (AUTHOR) zhangxiandeng@boisestate.edu
Source: Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures. Jan2026, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p84-96. 13p.
Subjects: Flexible electronics, Thermoresponsive polymers, Resistance heating, Smart materials, Fused deposition modeling, Finite element method, Smart structures, Thermomechanical properties of metals
Abstract: Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are capable of returning from a deformed state to their original shape when exposed to external stimuli such as heat, light, or electricity. When integrated with flexible electronics, SMPs enable the development of reconfigurable and adaptive structures that can dynamically change shape in response to their environment. This study employs material extrusion and fused filament fabrication to advance the production of SMP-based morphing structures. Conductive silver traces were embedded within a polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) SMP matrix to enable shape recovery via Joule heating, in addition to direct thermal activation. The use of SMPs in various colors further enables light-responsive morphing. The printing process was studied to enhance the topographic quality of both the PLA/TPU matrix and silver traces. Thermo-mechanical characterization of the printed SMP was conducted to evaluate its mechanical strength, recoverable strain, and glass transition temperature. Functional prototypes were fabricated to demonstrate morphing in response to heat, light, and electrical inputs. Eventually, a multiphysics finite element model was developed to predict their deformation under electrical stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 190255141
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Additive manufacturing of morphing structures with multi-stimuli activation capabilities.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Little%2C+Isaac%22">Little, Isaac</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tran%2C+Adam%22">Tran, Adam</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Keller%2C+Andrew%22">Keller, Andrew</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zuzelski%2C+Matthew%22">Zuzelski, Matthew</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McKibben%2C+Nicholas%22">McKibben, Nicholas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Messerli-Wallace%2C+Jack%22">Messerli-Wallace, Jack</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Deng%2C+Zhangxian%22">Deng, Zhangxian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangxiandeng@boisestate.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Intelligent+Material+Systems+%26+Structures%22">Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p84-96. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flexible+electronics%22">Flexible electronics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoresponsive+polymers%22">Thermoresponsive polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Resistance+heating%22">Resistance heating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smart+materials%22">Smart materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fused+deposition+modeling%22">Fused deposition modeling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smart+structures%22">Smart structures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermomechanical+properties+of+metals%22">Thermomechanical properties of metals</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are capable of returning from a deformed state to their original shape when exposed to external stimuli such as heat, light, or electricity. When integrated with flexible electronics, SMPs enable the development of reconfigurable and adaptive structures that can dynamically change shape in response to their environment. This study employs material extrusion and fused filament fabrication to advance the production of SMP-based morphing structures. Conductive silver traces were embedded within a polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) SMP matrix to enable shape recovery via Joule heating, in addition to direct thermal activation. The use of SMPs in various colors further enables light-responsive morphing. The printing process was studied to enhance the topographic quality of both the PLA/TPU matrix and silver traces. Thermo-mechanical characterization of the printed SMP was conducted to evaluate its mechanical strength, recoverable strain, and glass transition temperature. Functional prototypes were fabricated to demonstrate morphing in response to heat, light, and electrical inputs. Eventually, a multiphysics finite element model was developed to predict their deformation under electrical stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1177/1045389X251386918
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 84
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flexible electronics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermoresponsive polymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Resistance heating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Smart materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fused deposition modeling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
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      – SubjectFull: Smart structures
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      – SubjectFull: Thermomechanical properties of metals
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      – TitleFull: Additive manufacturing of morphing structures with multi-stimuli activation capabilities.
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            NameFull: Little, Isaac
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            NameFull: Tran, Adam
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            NameFull: Keller, Andrew
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              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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