Evolutionary smart contracts for virtual power plant trading: integrating prospect theory and multi-stage negotiation in cross-regional energy markets.

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Title: Evolutionary smart contracts for virtual power plant trading: integrating prospect theory and multi-stage negotiation in cross-regional energy markets.
Authors: Cheng, Lefeng1 (AUTHOR) chenglefeng@gzhu.edu.cn, Zhang, Mengya1 (AUTHOR) zhangmengya@e.gzhu.edu.cn, Wang, Kun1,2 (AUTHOR) wangkun@gzhu.edu.cn, Yuan, Minmin1,3 (AUTHOR) mm.yuan@rioh.cn, Liu, Zhiqiang3 (AUTHOR) zq.liu@rioh.cn, Wang, Jie4 (AUTHOR) wangjie@gzhu.edu.cn, Zhang, Kuozhen5 (AUTHOR) kzhzhang@stu.edu.cn, Huang, Pengrong1 (AUTHOR) hpr@e.gzhu.edu.cn
Source: International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. Dec2025, Vol. 173, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Prospect theory, Negotiation, Behavioral economics, Distributed power generation, Energy industries, Contract management, Clean energy investment
Abstract: • Integrates prospect theory with evolutionary smart contracts for adaptive VPP trading. • Achieves 15–25% efficiency gains through behaviorally-informed negotiation protocols. • Validates 72-hour contract adaptation windows responding to market evolution. • Demonstrates behavioral heterogeneity with loss aversion varying 2.1–3.4 across VPPs. • Overcomes cross-regional barriers through cultural adaptation mechanisms. Virtual Power Plant (VPP) trading mechanisms confront unprecedented challenges from behavioral complexities and technological uncertainties that conventional rational choice models inadequately address. This research develops an integrated framework combining prospect theory-driven decision modeling with evolutionary smart contracts and multi-stage negotiation protocols to enhance trading effectiveness in cross-regional energy markets. We establish mathematical foundations incorporating loss aversion, probability distortion, and reference-dependent preferences into VPP decision-making, while developing adaptive contracts capable of autonomous evolution responding to market changes. Through composite game-theoretic analysis examining nested interactions between contract evolution and negotiation dynamics, we validate the framework across three comprehensive scenarios: emergency dispatch under extreme weather, renewable energy integration, and cross-regional collaboration. Simulation results demonstrate 15–25% negotiation efficiency improvements compared to traditional mechanisms, with behavioral models capturing significant heterogeneity in loss aversion coefficients (2.1–3.4) across VPP configurations. The evolutionary contracts successfully adapt within 72-hour windows to policy changes and technological developments, while maintaining system stability. Cross-regional analysis reveals how cultural distance and information asymmetries influence trading outcomes, with the framework achieving superior market integration despite these barriers. These findings establish new paradigms for behaviorally-informed energy market design, offering transformative implications for renewable integration and decentralized electricity systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Evolutionary smart contracts for virtual power plant trading: integrating prospect theory and multi-stage negotiation in cross-regional energy markets.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Lefeng%22">Cheng, Lefeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chenglefeng@gzhu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Mengya%22">Zhang, Mengya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangmengya@e.gzhu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Kun%22">Wang, Kun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wangkun@gzhu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuan%2C+Minmin%22">Yuan, Minmin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mm.yuan@rioh.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Zhiqiang%22">Liu, Zhiqiang</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zq.liu@rioh.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jie%22">Wang, Jie</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wangjie@gzhu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Kuozhen%22">Zhang, Kuozhen</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kzhzhang@stu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Pengrong%22">Huang, Pengrong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hpr@e.gzhu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Electrical+Power+%26+Energy+Systems%22">International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 173, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prospect+theory%22">Prospect theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Negotiation%22">Negotiation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavioral+economics%22">Behavioral economics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Distributed+power+generation%22">Distributed power generation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+industries%22">Energy industries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Contract+management%22">Contract management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clean+energy+investment%22">Clean energy investment</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Integrates prospect theory with evolutionary smart contracts for adaptive VPP trading. • Achieves 15–25% efficiency gains through behaviorally-informed negotiation protocols. • Validates 72-hour contract adaptation windows responding to market evolution. • Demonstrates behavioral heterogeneity with loss aversion varying 2.1–3.4 across VPPs. • Overcomes cross-regional barriers through cultural adaptation mechanisms. Virtual Power Plant (VPP) trading mechanisms confront unprecedented challenges from behavioral complexities and technological uncertainties that conventional rational choice models inadequately address. This research develops an integrated framework combining prospect theory-driven decision modeling with evolutionary smart contracts and multi-stage negotiation protocols to enhance trading effectiveness in cross-regional energy markets. We establish mathematical foundations incorporating loss aversion, probability distortion, and reference-dependent preferences into VPP decision-making, while developing adaptive contracts capable of autonomous evolution responding to market changes. Through composite game-theoretic analysis examining nested interactions between contract evolution and negotiation dynamics, we validate the framework across three comprehensive scenarios: emergency dispatch under extreme weather, renewable energy integration, and cross-regional collaboration. Simulation results demonstrate 15–25% negotiation efficiency improvements compared to traditional mechanisms, with behavioral models capturing significant heterogeneity in loss aversion coefficients (2.1–3.4) across VPP configurations. The evolutionary contracts successfully adapt within 72-hour windows to policy changes and technological developments, while maintaining system stability. Cross-regional analysis reveals how cultural distance and information asymmetries influence trading outcomes, with the framework achieving superior market integration despite these barriers. These findings establish new paradigms for behaviorally-informed energy market design, offering transformative implications for renewable integration and decentralized electricity systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111453
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Prospect theory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Negotiation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavioral economics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Distributed power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy industries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Contract management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Clean energy investment
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Evolutionary smart contracts for virtual power plant trading: integrating prospect theory and multi-stage negotiation in cross-regional energy markets.
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            NameFull: Cheng, Lefeng
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            NameFull: Zhang, Mengya
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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