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Smectite intercalation compounds with ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®): structure and thermal decomposition mechanisms evidenced by HT-FTIR and TG/FTIR.

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Title: Smectite intercalation compounds with ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®): structure and thermal decomposition mechanisms evidenced by HT-FTIR and TG/FTIR.
Authors: Wójcik-Bania, Monika1 (AUTHOR), Matusik, Jakub1 (AUTHOR) jmatusik@agh.edu.pl, Dziewiątka, Klaudia1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry. Dec2025, Vol. 150 Issue 25, p20617-20634. 18p.
Subjects: Smectite, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, Cationic surfactants, Thermolysis, Intercalation reactions, Hybrid materials
Abstract: This study explores the structural and thermal behavior of different smectites intercalated with the cationic surfactant ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®) at loadings up to 1.0 of the smectites' cation exchange capacity (CEC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed systematic expansion of the basal spacing (d001), reaching up to 2.29 nm, with changes governed by surfactant content, exchangeable cation type, and layer charge. LAE® was incorporated exclusively via ion exchange, as evidenced by exchangeable cation release, although steric hindrance limited full CEC saturation at higher loadings. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the smectite framework remained intact, while band shifts in the N–H, C=O, and CH2 regions indicated strong surfactant–clay mineral interactions and LAE® conformational changes. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a reduction in decomposition steps from six (pure LAE®) to four upon intercalation, alongside a shift in the main decomposition peak from 285.7°C to 305.1°C for sample based on the Arizona smectite having high layer charge. Evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR) confirmed altered degradation pathways for the organosmectites, with the suppression of nitrogen-containing volatiles such as NH3 and NO2. High-temperature FTIR (HT-FTIR) further demonstrated reduced molecular mobility and enhanced thermal stability, particularly in samples with the highest LAE® content. Quantitative spectral analysis showed persistent C–H, C=O, and C–N–H bands at elevated temperatures, confirming the stabilizing effect of interlayer confinement. These findings underscore the potential of LAE®-modified smectites as thermally robust, non-toxic hybrid materials with promising applications as feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Smectite intercalation compounds with ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®): structure and thermal decomposition mechanisms evidenced by HT-FTIR and TG/FTIR.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wójcik-Bania%2C+Monika%22">Wójcik-Bania, Monika</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matusik%2C+Jakub%22">Matusik, Jakub</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jmatusik@agh.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dziewiątka%2C+Klaudia%22">Dziewiątka, Klaudia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Thermal+Analysis+%26+Calorimetry%22">Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 150 Issue 25, p20617-20634. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smectite%22">Smectite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fourier+transform+infrared+spectroscopy%22">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermogravimetry%22">Thermogravimetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-ray+diffraction%22">X-ray diffraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cationic+surfactants%22">Cationic surfactants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermolysis%22">Thermolysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intercalation+reactions%22">Intercalation reactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hybrid+materials%22">Hybrid materials</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study explores the structural and thermal behavior of different smectites intercalated with the cationic surfactant ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®) at loadings up to 1.0 of the smectites' cation exchange capacity (CEC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed systematic expansion of the basal spacing (d001), reaching up to 2.29 nm, with changes governed by surfactant content, exchangeable cation type, and layer charge. LAE® was incorporated exclusively via ion exchange, as evidenced by exchangeable cation release, although steric hindrance limited full CEC saturation at higher loadings. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the smectite framework remained intact, while band shifts in the N–H, C=O, and CH2 regions indicated strong surfactant–clay mineral interactions and LAE® conformational changes. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a reduction in decomposition steps from six (pure LAE®) to four upon intercalation, alongside a shift in the main decomposition peak from 285.7°C to 305.1°C for sample based on the Arizona smectite having high layer charge. Evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR) confirmed altered degradation pathways for the organosmectites, with the suppression of nitrogen-containing volatiles such as NH3 and NO2. High-temperature FTIR (HT-FTIR) further demonstrated reduced molecular mobility and enhanced thermal stability, particularly in samples with the highest LAE® content. Quantitative spectral analysis showed persistent C–H, C=O, and C–N–H bands at elevated temperatures, confirming the stabilizing effect of interlayer confinement. These findings underscore the potential of LAE®-modified smectites as thermally robust, non-toxic hybrid materials with promising applications as feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10973-025-15084-w
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
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      – SubjectFull: Smectite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
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      – SubjectFull: Thermogravimetry
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      – SubjectFull: X-ray diffraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cationic surfactants
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      – SubjectFull: Thermolysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intercalation reactions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid materials
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      – TitleFull: Smectite intercalation compounds with ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE®): structure and thermal decomposition mechanisms evidenced by HT-FTIR and TG/FTIR.
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            NameFull: Wójcik-Bania, Monika
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              Text: Dec2025
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