Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long‐Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over‐Ground Running.
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| Title: | Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long‐Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over‐Ground Running. |
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| Authors: | Iqbal, Zaheen Ahmed1,2 (AUTHOR), Ho, Indy Man Kit3 (AUTHOR), Chow, Daniel Hung-Kay1 (AUTHOR) danielchow@eduhk.hk, Cordella, Francesca (AUTHOR) f.cordella@unicampus.it |
| Source: | Applied Bionics & Biomechanics. 12/20/2025, Vol. 2025, p1-9. 9p. |
| Subjects: | Treadmill exercise, Running, Variability (Psychometrics), Motor ability, Animal locomotion, Synchronization |
| Abstract: | Running coordination, quantified using continuous relative phase (CRP) and its variability, plays a key role in adapting to dynamic environments; however, how these measures behave during long‐distance running on different surfaces remains unclear. This study compared lower‐limb coordination and variability during prolonged running across treadmill and over‐ground, focusing on how surface and duration affect movement patterns in sagittal‐plane. Eleven healthy adults (nine males) completed 31‐min runs at their preferred speed on both surfaces, on separate days, while data were collected using seven Opal Movement Monitoring inertial measurement units. CRP and its variability were examined across two‐time intervals (initial and final 5 min) and two running surfaces, both over the full gait cycle and within the stance and swing phases. Overall, running duration and surface did not significantly affect coordination across the full gait cycle. However, ankle–knee coordination increased in the final 5 min during stance. Surface‐by‐duration interactions were observed in knee–hip and ankle–knee couplings during over‐ground running. During the swing phase, ankle–hip coordination increased in the final 5 min on both surfaces, with additional interactions appearing in ankle–hip coupling during treadmill running. Coordination variability showed no significant differences across the gait cycle or within stance and swing phases. These findings suggest that lower‐limb coordination patterns, rather than variability, are more sensitive to changes in running duration and surface. The results underscore the importance of considering external running conditions when evaluating coordination and optimizing gait performance in biomechanical assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Applied Bionics & Biomechanics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 190384126 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long‐Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over‐Ground Running. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iqbal%2C+Zaheen+Ahmed%22">Iqbal, Zaheen Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ho%2C+Indy+Man+Kit%22">Ho, Indy Man Kit</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chow%2C+Daniel+Hung-Kay%22">Chow, Daniel Hung-Kay</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> danielchow@eduhk.hk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cordella%2C+Francesca%22">Cordella, Francesca</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> f.cordella@unicampus.it</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Bionics+%26+Biomechanics%22">Applied Bionics & Biomechanics</searchLink>. 12/20/2025, Vol. 2025, p1-9. 9p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treadmill+exercise%22">Treadmill exercise</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Running%22">Running</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Variability+%28Psychometrics%29%22">Variability (Psychometrics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motor+ability%22">Motor ability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Animal+locomotion%22">Animal locomotion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synchronization%22">Synchronization</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Running coordination, quantified using continuous relative phase (CRP) and its variability, plays a key role in adapting to dynamic environments; however, how these measures behave during long‐distance running on different surfaces remains unclear. This study compared lower‐limb coordination and variability during prolonged running across treadmill and over‐ground, focusing on how surface and duration affect movement patterns in sagittal‐plane. Eleven healthy adults (nine males) completed 31‐min runs at their preferred speed on both surfaces, on separate days, while data were collected using seven Opal Movement Monitoring inertial measurement units. CRP and its variability were examined across two‐time intervals (initial and final 5 min) and two running surfaces, both over the full gait cycle and within the stance and swing phases. Overall, running duration and surface did not significantly affect coordination across the full gait cycle. However, ankle–knee coordination increased in the final 5 min during stance. Surface‐by‐duration interactions were observed in knee–hip and ankle–knee couplings during over‐ground running. During the swing phase, ankle–hip coordination increased in the final 5 min on both surfaces, with additional interactions appearing in ankle–hip coupling during treadmill running. Coordination variability showed no significant differences across the gait cycle or within stance and swing phases. These findings suggest that lower‐limb coordination patterns, rather than variability, are more sensitive to changes in running duration and surface. The results underscore the importance of considering external running conditions when evaluating coordination and optimizing gait performance in biomechanical assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Bionics & Biomechanics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1155/abb/5338592 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 9 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Treadmill exercise Type: general – SubjectFull: Running Type: general – SubjectFull: Variability (Psychometrics) Type: general – SubjectFull: Motor ability Type: general – SubjectFull: Animal locomotion Type: general – SubjectFull: Synchronization Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long‐Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over‐Ground Running. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Iqbal, Zaheen Ahmed – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ho, Indy Man Kit – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Chow, Daniel Hung-Kay – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cordella, Francesca IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 20 M: 12 Text: 12/20/2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 11762322 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 2025 Titles: – TitleFull: Applied Bionics & Biomechanics Type: main |
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