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Analytical modelling of three-phase four-wire grid-connected inverter under unbalanced conditions applying digital controllers.

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Title: Analytical modelling of three-phase four-wire grid-connected inverter under unbalanced conditions applying digital controllers.
Authors: Nascimento, Claudionor F. do1 (AUTHOR), Buso, Simone2 (AUTHOR), Souza, Wesley A.3 (AUTHOR), Agulhari, Cristiano M.3 (AUTHOR), Pomilio, José A.4 (AUTHOR) antenor@unicamp.br
Source: Systems Science & Control Engineering. Dec2025, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p1-28. 28p.
Subjects: Pulse width modulation, Pulse width modulation inverters, Distributed power generation, Electric inverters, Simulation methods & models, Electronic controllers
Abstract: This paper presents an analytical model for a two-level three-phase four-wire grid-connected voltage source converter (TGC-VSC) controlled by digital pulse-width modulation (DPWM). This model relies on a phase-locked loop (PLL)-less approach to investigate the performance of the dead-beat (DB) and proportional-integral-resonant (PIR) controller in the presence of unbalanced conditions on the alternating current (AC) low-voltage side of the distribution system. A single-phase digital triple-loop control system has been employed for each phase of the TGC-VSC, which operates as a grid-forming inverter (voltage source) or grid-following inverter (current source) coupled to an AC power grid with three phases and neutral. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the previous single-phase approach of the three-loop control system applied in this work to a three-phase four-wire system, with the main difference being the connection to the grid without an PLL and the application of an PIR controller in the third control loop instead of an proportional-integral (PI). Alternatively, the latter can inject active power into the grid to help flatten the demand-side power curve of the industry, reducing operating costs. Therefore, the aim is to test the aforementioned digital controllers in a grid-connected inverter. The controllers are validated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations, yielding the steady-state voltage and current errors $ \varepsilon _{v_{jo}} = 1.62\,\% $ ϵ v jo = 1.62 % and $ \varepsilon _{i_{jo}} = 3.44\,\% $ ϵ i jo = 3.44 % in grid-forming, and $ \varepsilon _{v_{jo}} = 0.10\,\% $ ϵ v jo = 0.10 % , $ \varepsilon _{i_{jo}} = 6.55\,\% $ ϵ i jo = 6.55 % and $ \varepsilon _{i_{jg}} = 2.86\,\% $ ϵ i jg = 2.86 % in grid-following inverter configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Systems Science & Control Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 190411727
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Analytical modelling of three-phase four-wire grid-connected inverter under unbalanced conditions applying digital controllers.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nascimento%2C+Claudionor+F%2E+do%22">Nascimento, Claudionor F. do</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Buso%2C+Simone%22">Buso, Simone</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Souza%2C+Wesley+A%2E%22">Souza, Wesley A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Agulhari%2C+Cristiano+M%2E%22">Agulhari, Cristiano M.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pomilio%2C+José+A%2E%22">Pomilio, José A.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> antenor@unicamp.br</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Systems+Science+%26+Control+Engineering%22">Systems Science & Control Engineering</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p1-28. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pulse+width+modulation%22">Pulse width modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pulse+width+modulation+inverters%22">Pulse width modulation inverters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Distributed+power+generation%22">Distributed power generation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+inverters%22">Electric inverters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+methods+%26+models%22">Simulation methods & models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+controllers%22">Electronic controllers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper presents an analytical model for a two-level three-phase four-wire grid-connected voltage source converter (TGC-VSC) controlled by digital pulse-width modulation (DPWM). This model relies on a phase-locked loop (PLL)-less approach to investigate the performance of the dead-beat (DB) and proportional-integral-resonant (PIR) controller in the presence of unbalanced conditions on the alternating current (AC) low-voltage side of the distribution system. A single-phase digital triple-loop control system has been employed for each phase of the TGC-VSC, which operates as a grid-forming inverter (voltage source) or grid-following inverter (current source) coupled to an AC power grid with three phases and neutral. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the previous single-phase approach of the three-loop control system applied in this work to a three-phase four-wire system, with the main difference being the connection to the grid without an PLL and the application of an PIR controller in the third control loop instead of an proportional-integral (PI). Alternatively, the latter can inject active power into the grid to help flatten the demand-side power curve of the industry, reducing operating costs. Therefore, the aim is to test the aforementioned digital controllers in a grid-connected inverter. The controllers are validated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations, yielding the steady-state voltage and current errors $ \varepsilon _{v_{jo}} = 1.62\,\% $ ϵ v jo = 1.62 % and $ \varepsilon _{i_{jo}} = 3.44\,\% $ ϵ i jo = 3.44 % in grid-forming, and $ \varepsilon _{v_{jo}} = 0.10\,\% $ ϵ v jo = 0.10 % , $ \varepsilon _{i_{jo}} = 6.55\,\% $ ϵ i jo = 6.55 % and $ \varepsilon _{i_{jg}} = 2.86\,\% $ ϵ i jg = 2.86 % in grid-following inverter configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Systems Science & Control Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/21642583.2025.2562840
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 28
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Pulse width modulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pulse width modulation inverters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Distributed power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric inverters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Simulation methods & models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic controllers
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Analytical modelling of three-phase four-wire grid-connected inverter under unbalanced conditions applying digital controllers.
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            NameFull: Nascimento, Claudionor F. do
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
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              Y: 2025
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