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Design and Numerical Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Refractive Index Sensor.

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Title: Design and Numerical Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Refractive Index Sensor.
Authors: Sario, Inamullah1 (AUTHOR) inamullah.mees21@iba-suk.edu.pk, Lashari, Ghulam Abbas1 (AUTHOR) ghulam.abbas@iba-suk.edu.pk, Memon, Abdul Aziz1 (AUTHOR) aziz.memon@iba-suk.edu.pk, Mumtaz, Farhan2 (AUTHOR) mfmawan@mst.edu
Source: Plasmonics. Dec2025, Vol. 20 Issue 12, p11217-11232. 16p.
Subjects: Surface plasmon resonance, Refractive index, Sensitivity analysis, Silver nanoparticles, Numerical analysis, Photonic crystal fibers, Titanium dioxide surfaces, Chemical detectors
Abstract: A photonic crystal fiber–surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR)-based refractive index (RI) sensor with a novel design is presented in this paper. This sensor detects the anomalies in the sample analyte by detecting the change in its RI. Silver (Ag) is used as a plasmonic material with a unique terracotta structure to sense the RI variations in the surrounding medium, also called an analyte or sample. A thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) measuring 10 nm is applied on top of the plasmonic material to prevent the oxidation of silver. The designed sensor detected a good range of analyte RI from 1.31 to 1.40 with the maximum amplitude sensitivity (SA) and wavelength sensitivity (SW) of 453.85 RIU−1 and 25000 nmRIU−1, respectively. Moreover, the amplitude resolution (RA) and wavelength resolution (RW) of the sensor are measured as low as 2.203 × 10−5 RIU and 4 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. However, we further investigated the figure of merit (FOM) of our proposed sensor and achieved a maximum FOM of 174.8 RIU−1 which is enough for sensing. COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to accurately design and precisely evaluate key performance parameters of the sensor such as confinement loss, resonance wavelength, and sensitivity under various design conditions. The proposed unique terracotta structure, with a metallic strip for sensing on top, has simple and easy fabrication. Moreover, this RI sensor is useful in detecting a wide spectrum of applications falling in the range between 1.31 and 1.40, which include analytes like cancer cells; biomolecules: ribonucleic acid (RNA); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); glucose; proteins; carbohydrates, chemical analytes: alcohol; glycerol; organic acid; saline solutions; other water-based impurities along with pharmaceutical monitoring, environmental monitoring, and industrial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Plasmonics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Design and Numerical Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Refractive Index Sensor.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sario%2C+Inamullah%22">Sario, Inamullah</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> inamullah.mees21@iba-suk.edu.pk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lashari%2C+Ghulam+Abbas%22">Lashari, Ghulam Abbas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ghulam.abbas@iba-suk.edu.pk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Memon%2C+Abdul+Aziz%22">Memon, Abdul Aziz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aziz.memon@iba-suk.edu.pk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mumtaz%2C+Farhan%22">Mumtaz, Farhan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mfmawan@mst.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Plasmonics%22">Plasmonics</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 20 Issue 12, p11217-11232. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+plasmon+resonance%22">Surface plasmon resonance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refractive+index%22">Refractive index</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensitivity+analysis%22">Sensitivity analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silver+nanoparticles%22">Silver nanoparticles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Numerical+analysis%22">Numerical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photonic+crystal+fibers%22">Photonic crystal fibers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+dioxide+surfaces%22">Titanium dioxide surfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+detectors%22">Chemical detectors</searchLink>
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  Data: A photonic crystal fiber–surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR)-based refractive index (RI) sensor with a novel design is presented in this paper. This sensor detects the anomalies in the sample analyte by detecting the change in its RI. Silver (Ag) is used as a plasmonic material with a unique terracotta structure to sense the RI variations in the surrounding medium, also called an analyte or sample. A thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) measuring 10 nm is applied on top of the plasmonic material to prevent the oxidation of silver. The designed sensor detected a good range of analyte RI from 1.31 to 1.40 with the maximum amplitude sensitivity (SA) and wavelength sensitivity (SW) of 453.85 RIU−1 and 25000 nmRIU−1, respectively. Moreover, the amplitude resolution (RA) and wavelength resolution (RW) of the sensor are measured as low as 2.203 × 10−5 RIU and 4 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. However, we further investigated the figure of merit (FOM) of our proposed sensor and achieved a maximum FOM of 174.8 RIU−1 which is enough for sensing. COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to accurately design and precisely evaluate key performance parameters of the sensor such as confinement loss, resonance wavelength, and sensitivity under various design conditions. The proposed unique terracotta structure, with a metallic strip for sensing on top, has simple and easy fabrication. Moreover, this RI sensor is useful in detecting a wide spectrum of applications falling in the range between 1.31 and 1.40, which include analytes like cancer cells; biomolecules: ribonucleic acid (RNA); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); glucose; proteins; carbohydrates, chemical analytes: alcohol; glycerol; organic acid; saline solutions; other water-based impurities along with pharmaceutical monitoring, environmental monitoring, and industrial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Plasmonics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11468-025-03198-8
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 11217
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Surface plasmon resonance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refractive index
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensitivity analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silver nanoparticles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Numerical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photonic crystal fibers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium dioxide surfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical detectors
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Design and Numerical Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Refractive Index Sensor.
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            NameFull: Sario, Inamullah
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            NameFull: Lashari, Ghulam Abbas
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            NameFull: Memon, Abdul Aziz
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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