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Investigation of Beeswax–Calcite Microcapsules as PCM for Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Building Applications.

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Title: Investigation of Beeswax–Calcite Microcapsules as PCM for Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Building Applications.
Authors: Attia-Essaies, Sameh1 (AUTHOR) saad_houda@yahoo.com, Saad, Houda1,2 (AUTHOR), Daghari, Bochra1,3 (AUTHOR), Sghaier, Rafika Ben1,4 (AUTHOR), Bouadila, Salwa1,2 (AUTHOR), Mourão, Paulo Mira2,3,4 (AUTHOR), Srasra, Ezzedine1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Dec2025, Vol. 18 Issue 24, p5521. 18p.
Subjects: Beeswax, Calcite, Heat storage, Supercooling, Microencapsulation, Phase change materials, Building design & construction, Sustainability
Abstract: Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for thermal energy storage; however, improving their thermal stability and minimizing supercooling effects remain important challenges. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing and characterizing new microencapsulated MCPs (microPCMs) that incorporate beeswax (BW), a sustainable biological source derived from animals, thus reducing the use of paraffins from petroleum resources, as the main material and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as the shell to improve overall performance. MicroPCMs with variable shell contents (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were prepared and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis (PES), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. The results reveal that microPCMs exhibit a spherical morphology and robust core–envelope integrity, with thermal energy storage capacities ranging from 121.39 to 122.22 J/g, compared to 137.62 J/g for pure beeswax. In addition, the composites demonstrated reduced supercooling and stable thermal performance during repeated cyclic tests. This work introduces the use of calcium carbonate shells combined with a natural beeswax core to create environmentally friendly microPCMs with enhanced thermal stability and reduced supercooling, offering a sustainable alternative for efficient thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Investigation of Beeswax–Calcite Microcapsules as PCM for Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Building Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Attia-Essaies%2C+Sameh%22">Attia-Essaies, Sameh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> saad_houda@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saad%2C+Houda%22">Saad, Houda</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daghari%2C+Bochra%22">Daghari, Bochra</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sghaier%2C+Rafika+Ben%22">Sghaier, Rafika Ben</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bouadila%2C+Salwa%22">Bouadila, Salwa</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mourão%2C+Paulo+Mira%22">Mourão, Paulo Mira</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Srasra%2C+Ezzedine%22">Srasra, Ezzedine</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 18 Issue 24, p5521. 18p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beeswax%22">Beeswax</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calcite%22">Calcite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+storage%22">Heat storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Supercooling%22">Supercooling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microencapsulation%22">Microencapsulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+change+materials%22">Phase change materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Building+design+%26+construction%22">Building design & construction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for thermal energy storage; however, improving their thermal stability and minimizing supercooling effects remain important challenges. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing and characterizing new microencapsulated MCPs (microPCMs) that incorporate beeswax (BW), a sustainable biological source derived from animals, thus reducing the use of paraffins from petroleum resources, as the main material and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as the shell to improve overall performance. MicroPCMs with variable shell contents (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were prepared and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis (PES), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. The results reveal that microPCMs exhibit a spherical morphology and robust core–envelope integrity, with thermal energy storage capacities ranging from 121.39 to 122.22 J/g, compared to 137.62 J/g for pure beeswax. In addition, the composites demonstrated reduced supercooling and stable thermal performance during repeated cyclic tests. This work introduces the use of calcium carbonate shells combined with a natural beeswax core to create environmentally friendly microPCMs with enhanced thermal stability and reduced supercooling, offering a sustainable alternative for efficient thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.3390/ma18245521
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 5521
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Beeswax
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calcite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Supercooling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microencapsulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase change materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Building design & construction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Investigation of Beeswax–Calcite Microcapsules as PCM for Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Building Applications.
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            NameFull: Attia-Essaies, Sameh
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            – D: 15
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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