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Snail Shell-Reinforced Waste-Based Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding and Anti-Reflective Applications.

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Title: Snail Shell-Reinforced Waste-Based Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding and Anti-Reflective Applications.
Authors: Pekdemir, Mustafa Ersin1 (AUTHOR) epekdemir@firat.edu.tr, Pekdemir, Sibel Selçuk1,2 (AUTHOR), Yılmaz, Demet2,3 (AUTHOR), Onay, Hatice3,4 (AUTHOR), Nazem Qader, Ibrahim4,5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Dec2025, Vol. 17 Issue 23, p3115. 26p.
Subjects: Snail shells, Radiation shielding, Biodegradable materials, Neutron capture, Fibrous composites, Radiation absorption, Optical devices, Polymeric composites
Abstract: The increasing demand for sustainable and multifunctional materials in radiation shielding and optical applications has driven research toward utilizing natural and waste-derived reinforcements in polymer matrices. However, achieving effective attenuation performance across different radiation types using eco-friendly fillers remains a significant challenge. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Polystyrene (PSt) blend composites (1:1 weight ratio) were reinforced with powdered snail shell (SSP) as a biogenic additive, aiming to enhance their shielding and optical performance. Composites containing 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% SSP (w/v) were fabricated and characterized. Key parameters including linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were measured using a variable-energy X-ray source (13.37–59.54 keV) and ULEGe detector. Fast neutron shielding performance and theoretical values for build-up factor (EBF) and macroscopic neutron cross-sections were also calculated. The results showed a marked improvement in X-ray attenuation with increasing SSP content (SSP30 > SSP20 > SSP10 > SSP5), while neutron shielding declined due to the high oxygen content of SSP. Among the tested samples, the SSP30 composite exhibited the highest X-ray attenuation efficiency, whereas the SSP5 composition showed the greatest enhancement in optical reflectance and neutron absorption, indicating optimal performance in these respective tests. Additionally, 5% SSP incorporation improved optical reflectance by 12%, indicating enhanced photon backscattering at the material surface. This behavior contributes to improved gamma shielding efficiency by reducing photon penetration and enhancing surface-level attenuation. These findings highlight the potential of snail shell-based fillers as low-cost, sustainable reinforcements in multifunctional polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Snail Shell-Reinforced Waste-Based Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding and Anti-Reflective Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pekdemir%2C+Mustafa+Ersin%22">Pekdemir, Mustafa Ersin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> epekdemir@firat.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pekdemir%2C+Sibel+Selçuk%22">Pekdemir, Sibel Selçuk</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yılmaz%2C+Demet%22">Yılmaz, Demet</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Onay%2C+Hatice%22">Onay, Hatice</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nazem+Qader%2C+Ibrahim%22">Nazem Qader, Ibrahim</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 17 Issue 23, p3115. 26p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Snail+shells%22">Snail shells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiation+shielding%22">Radiation shielding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradable+materials%22">Biodegradable materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+capture%22">Neutron capture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fibrous+composites%22">Fibrous composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiation+absorption%22">Radiation absorption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+devices%22">Optical devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymeric+composites%22">Polymeric composites</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The increasing demand for sustainable and multifunctional materials in radiation shielding and optical applications has driven research toward utilizing natural and waste-derived reinforcements in polymer matrices. However, achieving effective attenuation performance across different radiation types using eco-friendly fillers remains a significant challenge. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Polystyrene (PSt) blend composites (1:1 weight ratio) were reinforced with powdered snail shell (SSP) as a biogenic additive, aiming to enhance their shielding and optical performance. Composites containing 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% SSP (w/v) were fabricated and characterized. Key parameters including linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were measured using a variable-energy X-ray source (13.37–59.54 keV) and ULEGe detector. Fast neutron shielding performance and theoretical values for build-up factor (EBF) and macroscopic neutron cross-sections were also calculated. The results showed a marked improvement in X-ray attenuation with increasing SSP content (SSP30 > SSP20 > SSP10 > SSP5), while neutron shielding declined due to the high oxygen content of SSP. Among the tested samples, the SSP30 composite exhibited the highest X-ray attenuation efficiency, whereas the SSP5 composition showed the greatest enhancement in optical reflectance and neutron absorption, indicating optimal performance in these respective tests. Additionally, 5% SSP incorporation improved optical reflectance by 12%, indicating enhanced photon backscattering at the material surface. This behavior contributes to improved gamma shielding efficiency by reducing photon penetration and enhancing surface-level attenuation. These findings highlight the potential of snail shell-based fillers as low-cost, sustainable reinforcements in multifunctional polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17233115
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 3115
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Snail shells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radiation shielding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neutron capture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fibrous composites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radiation absorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymeric composites
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Snail Shell-Reinforced Waste-Based Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding and Anti-Reflective Applications.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Pekdemir, Mustafa Ersin
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            NameFull: Pekdemir, Sibel Selçuk
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            NameFull: Yılmaz, Demet
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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