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3D Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Encapsulation-Controlled Vancomycin Delivery: Antibacterial Performance and Cytocompatibility.

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Title: 3D Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Encapsulation-Controlled Vancomycin Delivery: Antibacterial Performance and Cytocompatibility.
Authors: Nascimento, Tatiana Rita de Lima1 (AUTHOR), Guérin, Aline Lima2 (AUTHOR), Rodrigues, Mariana Souza3 (AUTHOR), da Silva, Camila Félix4 (AUTHOR), Maciel, Bruno Martins3,5 (AUTHOR), Alhotan, Abdulaziz1,5 (AUTHOR) aalhotan@ksu.edu.sa, Alhijji, Saleh2,5 (AUTHOR), Velo, Marilia Mattar Amoêdo Campos3 (AUTHOR), Castellano, Lúcio Roberto Cançado4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Dec2025, Vol. 17 Issue 23, p3116. 15p.
Subjects: Vancomycin, Cytocompatibility, Polylactic acid, Surgical dressings, Controlled release preparations, Polyethylene glycol, Anti-infective agents, Biomedical materials
Abstract: This study aimed to engineer nanofibrous scaffolds that prioritize architecture, rather than relying solely on the drug, to achieve reproducible, long-acting local therapies. Cotton-wool-like fiber, three-dimensional (3D) poly(L-lactic acid)/polyethene glycol (PLLA/PEG) blend scaffolds were fabricated using solution blow spinning (SBS) as a customizable encapsulation platform for controlled antibiotic release. Morphological and wettability analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pendant-drop contact angle measurements, respectively. Fiber diameters were quantified using ImageJ. The chemical composition and thermal behavior were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro, assays were conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin-loaded scaffolds against Staphylococcus aureus (disk diffusion method), as well as their cytocompatibility (Live/Dead assay in Vero cells) and hemocompatibility (ASTM F756-17 hemolysis test). All biological data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey's post-test, Mann–Whitney, and paired t-tests, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Structural optimization identified PLLA/PEG 85:15 as the most stable composition, producing homogeneous mats with high porosity and rapid wettability. Incorporation of vancomycin (10 wt.%) reduced the fiber diameter (0.23 ± 0.11 µm) compared with unloaded scaffolds (0.32 ± 0.17 µm), indicating drug–polymer interactions that modulated jet elongation. FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses confirmed polymer miscibility and stabilization of VMC within the fibrous matrix, with no signs of degradation. Drug release exhibited a biphasic profile, with an initial burst during the first 72 h. PLLA/PEG–VMC scaffolds produced larger inhibition zones against S. aureus (18.55 mm ± 1.2 to 6.63 mm ± 0.2 at 120 h) compared with free VMC (12.91 mm ± 3.8 to 4.07 mm ± 0.6291), while blank scaffolds were inactive. Hemolysis remained within the range 2% < PLLA/PEG–VMC < 5%, indicating acceptable hemocompatibility according to ASTM standards. Although VCM-loaded PLLA/PEG scaffolds slightly reduced Vero cell viability, no statistically significant differences were observed compared with the control group. These findings demonstrate that the architecture of nanofibers presents itself as a potential platform for antimicrobial therapy with topical vancomycin in potential applications such as wound dressings or implant coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: 3D Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Encapsulation-Controlled Vancomycin Delivery: Antibacterial Performance and Cytocompatibility.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Nascimento%2C+Tatiana+Rita+de+Lima%22&quot;&gt;Nascimento, Tatiana Rita de Lima&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Gu&#233;rin%2C+Aline+Lima%22&quot;&gt;Gu&#233;rin, Aline Lima&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Rodrigues%2C+Mariana+Souza%22&quot;&gt;Rodrigues, Mariana Souza&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22da+Silva%2C+Camila+F&#233;lix%22&quot;&gt;da Silva, Camila F&#233;lix&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Maciel%2C+Bruno+Martins%22&quot;&gt;Maciel, Bruno Martins&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3,5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alhotan%2C+Abdulaziz%22&quot;&gt;Alhotan, Abdulaziz&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; aalhotan@ksu.edu.sa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Alhijji%2C+Saleh%22&quot;&gt;Alhijji, Saleh&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2,5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Velo%2C+Marilia+Mattar+Amo&#234;do+Campos%22&quot;&gt;Velo, Marilia Mattar Amo&#234;do Campos&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Castellano%2C+L&#250;cio+Roberto+Can&#231;ado%22&quot;&gt;Castellano, L&#250;cio Roberto Can&#231;ado&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22&quot;&gt;Polymers (20734360)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Dec2025, Vol. 17 Issue 23, p3116. 15p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Vancomycin%22&quot;&gt;Vancomycin&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Cytocompatibility%22&quot;&gt;Cytocompatibility&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Polylactic+acid%22&quot;&gt;Polylactic acid&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Surgical+dressings%22&quot;&gt;Surgical dressings&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Controlled+release+preparations%22&quot;&gt;Controlled release preparations&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Polyethylene+glycol%22&quot;&gt;Polyethylene glycol&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Anti-infective+agents%22&quot;&gt;Anti-infective agents&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Biomedical+materials%22&quot;&gt;Biomedical materials&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study aimed to engineer nanofibrous scaffolds that prioritize architecture, rather than relying solely on the drug, to achieve reproducible, long-acting local therapies. Cotton-wool-like fiber, three-dimensional (3D) poly(L-lactic acid)/polyethene glycol (PLLA/PEG) blend scaffolds were fabricated using solution blow spinning (SBS) as a customizable encapsulation platform for controlled antibiotic release. Morphological and wettability analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pendant-drop contact angle measurements, respectively. Fiber diameters were quantified using ImageJ. The chemical composition and thermal behavior were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro, assays were conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin-loaded scaffolds against Staphylococcus aureus (disk diffusion method), as well as their cytocompatibility (Live/Dead assay in Vero cells) and hemocompatibility (ASTM F756-17 hemolysis test). All biological data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s post-test, Mann–Whitney, and paired t-tests, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Structural optimization identified PLLA/PEG 85:15 as the most stable composition, producing homogeneous mats with high porosity and rapid wettability. Incorporation of vancomycin (10 wt.%) reduced the fiber diameter (0.23 &#177; 0.11 &#181;m) compared with unloaded scaffolds (0.32 &#177; 0.17 &#181;m), indicating drug–polymer interactions that modulated jet elongation. FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses confirmed polymer miscibility and stabilization of VMC within the fibrous matrix, with no signs of degradation. Drug release exhibited a biphasic profile, with an initial burst during the first 72 h. PLLA/PEG–VMC scaffolds produced larger inhibition zones against S. aureus (18.55 mm &#177; 1.2 to 6.63 mm &#177; 0.2 at 120 h) compared with free VMC (12.91 mm &#177; 3.8 to 4.07 mm &#177; 0.6291), while blank scaffolds were inactive. Hemolysis remained within the range 2% &lt; PLLA/PEG–VMC &lt; 5%, indicating acceptable hemocompatibility according to ASTM standards. Although VCM-loaded PLLA/PEG scaffolds slightly reduced Vero cell viability, no statistically significant differences were observed compared with the control group. These findings demonstrate that the architecture of nanofibers presents itself as a potential platform for antimicrobial therapy with topical vancomycin in potential applications such as wound dressings or implant coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym17233116
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 3116
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      – SubjectFull: Vancomycin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cytocompatibility
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      – SubjectFull: Polylactic acid
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              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
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