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Shear-Induced Graphitization in Tongyuanpu Shear Zone, Liaodong Peninsula of Eastern China: Insights from Graphite Occurrences, Nanostructures and Carbon Sources.

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Title: Shear-Induced Graphitization in Tongyuanpu Shear Zone, Liaodong Peninsula of Eastern China: Insights from Graphite Occurrences, Nanostructures and Carbon Sources.
Authors: Shi, Mengyan1,2 (AUTHOR), Cheng, Nannan1,2 (AUTHOR) chengnannan@hpu.edu.cn, Li, Jianbin1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Hou, Quanlin1,3 (AUTHOR), Guo, Qianqian2,3 (AUTHOR), Pan, Jienan1,2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 23, p1778. 20p.
Subjects: Graphite, Graphitization, Marble, Nanostructures, Metamorphic rocks, Carbon compounds, Shear zones
Geographic Terms: East Asia, Liaodong Peninsula (China)
Abstract: An in-depth study of the genetic mechanisms of graphite in shear zones is crucial for understanding crustal weakening and the origins of inorganic carbon. This research focuses on mylonitic marble (MM) and cataclastic marble (CM) from the Tongyuanpu shear zone of Eastern China. The occurrences, nanostructures, carbon sources, and genesis of graphite were systematically investigated through micro- to ultra-microscale analysis. The results reveal that the MM contains two graphite varieties: C-foliation-aligned bands and stylolite-derived serrated aggregates. Both exhibit strong Z-axis LPO, indicating a deformation temperature below 200 °C. In contrast, the CM features individual graphite particles within fragmented grains. Near-ideal graphite structures are characterized in both types; however, a higher TOC content and a greater graphitization degree are observed in the CM. Raman thermometry indicates metamorphic peak temperatures of 588–673 °C (MM) and 540–682 °C (CM), with the former showing a significant discrepancy from the EBSD results. The δ13CORG values (−12.21‰ to −8.06‰) suggest fluid-derived carbon sources. We propose that reduction reactions involving high-temperature metamorphic fluids supplied the essential carbon source. Ductile shearing accelerated the graphitization of these carbonaceous materials through the accumulation of local strain energy, while subsequent brittle deformation with frictional sliding further facilitated structural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Shear-Induced Graphitization in Tongyuanpu Shear Zone, Liaodong Peninsula of Eastern China: Insights from Graphite Occurrences, Nanostructures and Carbon Sources.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 23, p1778. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite%22">Graphite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphitization%22">Graphitization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Marble%22">Marble</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanostructures%22">Nanostructures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metamorphic+rocks%22">Metamorphic rocks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+compounds%22">Carbon compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shear+zones%22">Shear zones</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22East+Asia%22">East Asia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liaodong+Peninsula+%28China%29%22">Liaodong Peninsula (China)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: An in-depth study of the genetic mechanisms of graphite in shear zones is crucial for understanding crustal weakening and the origins of inorganic carbon. This research focuses on mylonitic marble (MM) and cataclastic marble (CM) from the Tongyuanpu shear zone of Eastern China. The occurrences, nanostructures, carbon sources, and genesis of graphite were systematically investigated through micro- to ultra-microscale analysis. The results reveal that the MM contains two graphite varieties: C-foliation-aligned bands and stylolite-derived serrated aggregates. Both exhibit strong Z-axis LPO, indicating a deformation temperature below 200 °C. In contrast, the CM features individual graphite particles within fragmented grains. Near-ideal graphite structures are characterized in both types; however, a higher TOC content and a greater graphitization degree are observed in the CM. Raman thermometry indicates metamorphic peak temperatures of 588–673 °C (MM) and 540–682 °C (CM), with the former showing a significant discrepancy from the EBSD results. The δ13CORG values (−12.21‰ to −8.06‰) suggest fluid-derived carbon sources. We propose that reduction reactions involving high-temperature metamorphic fluids supplied the essential carbon source. Ductile shearing accelerated the graphitization of these carbonaceous materials through the accumulation of local strain energy, while subsequent brittle deformation with frictional sliding further facilitated structural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano15231778
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1778
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Graphite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphitization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Marble
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanostructures
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metamorphic rocks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear zones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: East Asia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liaodong Peninsula (China)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Shear-Induced Graphitization in Tongyuanpu Shear Zone, Liaodong Peninsula of Eastern China: Insights from Graphite Occurrences, Nanostructures and Carbon Sources.
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            NameFull: Shi, Mengyan
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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