Upcycling Coffee Waste into Sustainable Nano Zerovalent Iron for Environmental Contaminant Remediation: Characterization, Applicability and Cytotoxicity.
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| Title: | Upcycling Coffee Waste into Sustainable Nano Zerovalent Iron for Environmental Contaminant Remediation: Characterization, Applicability and Cytotoxicity. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Fernandes, Filipe1,2 (AUTHOR), Freitas, Maria1,2 (AUTHOR), Pinho, Cláudia3 (AUTHOR), Oliveira, Ana Isabel1,3 (AUTHOR), Delerue-Matos, Cristina1,2 (AUTHOR), Grosso, Clara1,3 (AUTHOR) claragrosso@graq.isep.ipp.pt |
| Source: | Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 23, p1788. 23p. |
| Subjects: | Zero-valent iron, Environmental remediation, Waste recycling, Organic compounds removal (Water purification), Coffee waste, Coffee grounds, Sustainable development, Cytotoxins |
| Abstract: | The agrifood sector produces considerable waste, offering opportunities for sustainable innovation. In the coffee industry, spent coffee grounds (SCG) can be valorized to generate eco-friendly nanomaterials such as nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), widely applied in soil and water remediation. In this study, green nZVIs were synthesized using SCG hydromethanolic extracts and FeCl3, subsequently characterized, and assessed for cytotoxicity. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed to identify hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline in the SCG extracts. Preliminary remediation assays were conducted with seven contaminants, with venlafaxine selected for detailed pH and kinetic studies. Characterization of nZVIs included SEM and EDS analyses, which revealed spherical nZVI particles (72–83 nm) composed of carbon (47%), oxygen (34%), and iron (16%). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated the presence of smaller particles (15–23 nm). Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) confirmed a residual mass of about 20% at 1400 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed phenolic compound incorporation, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an amorphous structure. The particles exhibited magnetic behavior and showed no cytotoxicity toward MRC-5 and U87 cell lines. Among the tested contaminants, venlafaxine displayed the highest removal efficiency in remediation tests. Compared with chemically synthesized nZVI, the green version exhibited enhanced stability, attributed to the presence of surface-bounded organic matter. Overall, this sustainable and cost-effective approach to produce nZVI from SCG provides an innovative method for waste valorization and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 190528461 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Upcycling Coffee Waste into Sustainable Nano Zerovalent Iron for Environmental Contaminant Remediation: Characterization, Applicability and Cytotoxicity. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernandes%2C+Filipe%22">Fernandes, Filipe</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Freitas%2C+Maria%22">Freitas, Maria</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pinho%2C+Cláudia%22">Pinho, Cláudia</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oliveira%2C+Ana+Isabel%22">Oliveira, Ana Isabel</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Delerue-Matos%2C+Cristina%22">Delerue-Matos, Cristina</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grosso%2C+Clara%22">Grosso, Clara</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> claragrosso@graq.isep.ipp.pt</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 23, p1788. 23p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zero-valent+iron%22">Zero-valent iron</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+remediation%22">Environmental remediation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+recycling%22">Waste recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Organic+compounds+removal+%28Water+purification%29%22">Organic compounds removal (Water purification)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coffee+waste%22">Coffee waste</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coffee+grounds%22">Coffee grounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+development%22">Sustainable development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cytotoxins%22">Cytotoxins</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The agrifood sector produces considerable waste, offering opportunities for sustainable innovation. In the coffee industry, spent coffee grounds (SCG) can be valorized to generate eco-friendly nanomaterials such as nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), widely applied in soil and water remediation. In this study, green nZVIs were synthesized using SCG hydromethanolic extracts and FeCl3, subsequently characterized, and assessed for cytotoxicity. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed to identify hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline in the SCG extracts. Preliminary remediation assays were conducted with seven contaminants, with venlafaxine selected for detailed pH and kinetic studies. Characterization of nZVIs included SEM and EDS analyses, which revealed spherical nZVI particles (72–83 nm) composed of carbon (47%), oxygen (34%), and iron (16%). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated the presence of smaller particles (15–23 nm). Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) confirmed a residual mass of about 20% at 1400 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed phenolic compound incorporation, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an amorphous structure. The particles exhibited magnetic behavior and showed no cytotoxicity toward MRC-5 and U87 cell lines. Among the tested contaminants, venlafaxine displayed the highest removal efficiency in remediation tests. Compared with chemically synthesized nZVI, the green version exhibited enhanced stability, attributed to the presence of surface-bounded organic matter. Overall, this sustainable and cost-effective approach to produce nZVI from SCG provides an innovative method for waste valorization and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/nano15231788 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 23 StartPage: 1788 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Zero-valent iron Type: general – SubjectFull: Environmental remediation Type: general – SubjectFull: Waste recycling Type: general – SubjectFull: Organic compounds removal (Water purification) Type: general – SubjectFull: Coffee waste Type: general – SubjectFull: Coffee grounds Type: general – SubjectFull: Sustainable development Type: general – SubjectFull: Cytotoxins Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Upcycling Coffee Waste into Sustainable Nano Zerovalent Iron for Environmental Contaminant Remediation: Characterization, Applicability and Cytotoxicity. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Fernandes, Filipe – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Freitas, Maria – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pinho, Cláudia – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Oliveira, Ana Isabel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Delerue-Matos, Cristina – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Grosso, Clara IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 12 Text: Dec2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20794991 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 15 – Type: issue Value: 23 Titles: – TitleFull: Nanomaterials (2079-4991) Type: main |
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