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Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 as a Multifunctional Material for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications.

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Title: Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 as a Multifunctional Material for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications.
Authors: Johnrose, Angel Agnes1 (AUTHOR), Rajan Sajitha, Devika2 (AUTHOR), Panneerselvam, Vengatesh2,3 (AUTHOR), Sivaramalingam, Anandhi3,4 (AUTHOR), Amirtharaj Mosas, Kamalan Kirubaharan4,5 (AUTHOR), Stephen, Beauno1,5 (AUTHOR), Thankaraj Salammal, Shyju2 (AUTHOR) shyjuantony1983@gmail.com
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 24, p1866. 17p.
Subjects: Solar cells, Photovoltaic power generation, Energy storage, Semiconductor nanocrystals, Nanocrystals, Solid state chemistry, Materials testing, Energy conversion
Abstract: Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a promising light-absorbing material for cost-effective and eco-friendly thin-film solar cells; however, its synthesis often leads to secondary phases that limit device efficiency. To overcome these challenges, we devised a straightforward and efficient method to obtain single-phase Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystalline powders directly from the elements Cu, Zn, Sn, and Se via mechanochemical synthesis followed by vacuum annealing at 450 °C. Phase evolution monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy at two-hour milling intervals confirmed the formation of phase-pure kesterite Cu2ZnSnSe4 and enabled tracking of transient secondary phases. Raman spectra revealed the characteristic A1 vibrational modes of the kesterite structure, while XRD peaks and Rietveld refinement (χ2 ~ 1) validated single-phase formation with crystallite sizes of 10–15 nm and dislocation densities of 3.00–3.20 1015 lines/m2. Optical analysis showed a direct bandgap of ~1.1 eV, and estimated linear and nonlinear optical constants validate its potential for photovoltaic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed uniformly distributed particles 50–60 nm, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis confirmed a near-stoichiometric Cu:Zn:Sn:Se ratio of 2:1:1:4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified the expected oxidation states (Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+, and Se2−). Electrical characterization revealed p-type conductivity with a mobility (μ) of 2.09 cm2/Vs, sheet resistance (ρ) of 4.87 Ω cm, and carrier concentrations of 1.23 × 1019 cm−3. Galvanostatic charge–discharge testing (GCD) demonstrated an energy density of 2.872 Wh/kg−1 and a power density of 1083 W kg−1, highlighting the material's additional potential for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 as a Multifunctional Material for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Johnrose%2C+Angel+Agnes%22">Johnrose, Angel Agnes</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rajan+Sajitha%2C+Devika%22">Rajan Sajitha, Devika</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Panneerselvam%2C+Vengatesh%22">Panneerselvam, Vengatesh</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sivaramalingam%2C+Anandhi%22">Sivaramalingam, Anandhi</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amirtharaj+Mosas%2C+Kamalan+Kirubaharan%22">Amirtharaj Mosas, Kamalan Kirubaharan</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stephen%2C+Beauno%22">Stephen, Beauno</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thankaraj+Salammal%2C+Shyju%22">Thankaraj Salammal, Shyju</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> shyjuantony1983@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 15 Issue 24, p1866. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photovoltaic+power+generation%22">Photovoltaic power generation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Semiconductor+nanocrystals%22">Semiconductor nanocrystals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanocrystals%22">Nanocrystals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solid+state+chemistry%22">Solid state chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+testing%22">Materials testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+conversion%22">Energy conversion</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a promising light-absorbing material for cost-effective and eco-friendly thin-film solar cells; however, its synthesis often leads to secondary phases that limit device efficiency. To overcome these challenges, we devised a straightforward and efficient method to obtain single-phase Cu2ZnSnSe4 nanocrystalline powders directly from the elements Cu, Zn, Sn, and Se via mechanochemical synthesis followed by vacuum annealing at 450 °C. Phase evolution monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy at two-hour milling intervals confirmed the formation of phase-pure kesterite Cu2ZnSnSe4 and enabled tracking of transient secondary phases. Raman spectra revealed the characteristic A1 vibrational modes of the kesterite structure, while XRD peaks and Rietveld refinement (χ2 ~ 1) validated single-phase formation with crystallite sizes of 10–15 nm and dislocation densities of 3.00–3.20 1015 lines/m2. Optical analysis showed a direct bandgap of ~1.1 eV, and estimated linear and nonlinear optical constants validate its potential for photovoltaic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed uniformly distributed particles 50–60 nm, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis confirmed a near-stoichiometric Cu:Zn:Sn:Se ratio of 2:1:1:4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified the expected oxidation states (Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+, and Se2−). Electrical characterization revealed p-type conductivity with a mobility (μ) of 2.09 cm2/Vs, sheet resistance (ρ) of 4.87 Ω cm, and carrier concentrations of 1.23 × 1019 cm−3. Galvanostatic charge–discharge testing (GCD) demonstrated an energy density of 2.872 Wh/kg−1 and a power density of 1083 W kg−1, highlighting the material's additional potential for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/nano15241866
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1866
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photovoltaic power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
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      – SubjectFull: Semiconductor nanocrystals
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      – SubjectFull: Nanocrystals
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      – SubjectFull: Solid state chemistry
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      – SubjectFull: Materials testing
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      – SubjectFull: Energy conversion
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      – TitleFull: Mechanochemically Synthesized Nanocrystalline Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 as a Multifunctional Material for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications.
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              Text: Dec2025
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