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Detection of Ultra‐Trace Levels of Copper in Seawater Using a Bare Gold Microwire Electrode and a Portable Digital Voltammeter.

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Title: Detection of Ultra‐Trace Levels of Copper in Seawater Using a Bare Gold Microwire Electrode and a Portable Digital Voltammeter.
Authors: Brosnan, Luke M.1 (AUTHOR), Lonsdale, Wade2,3 (AUTHOR), Pringle, Paul1 (AUTHOR), Lewtas, Paul2,3 (AUTHOR), Ridgway, Samantha2,3 (AUTHOR), Allard, Sebastien4 (AUTHOR), Wajrak, Magdalena3 (AUTHOR) m.wajrak@ecu.edu.au, Basu Roy, Sohini (AUTHOR) sbasuroy@wiley.com
Source: International Journal of Electrochemistry. 12/29/2025, Vol. 2025, p1-11. 11p.
Subjects: Copper analysis, Sea water analysis, Trace metals, Voltammetry, Fouling, Gold electrodes, Environmental monitoring
Abstract: The accumulation of biomass on ship hulls (biofouling) can greatly decrease their fuel efficiency. Many antifouling coatings contain copper as a biocidal agent, which can be released during hull cleanings and is of particular concern when cleaning the hulls in situ (i.e., without dry docking). Previously established voltammetric methods for the detection of copper in seawater using a gold microwire electrode have been modified and adapted to a portable on‐site voltammetric technique. Notable differences from previous voltammetric methods include the use of linear sweep voltammetry, analysis under atmospheric conditions, alternating the potential during the deposition period and the use of dilute nitric acid as an electrolyte. The new modified method has achieved a cell limit of detection (LOD) in HNO3 electrolyte down to 0.051 ppb and in natural seawater down to 0.089 ppb (below ANZECC guidelines) with minimal sample pretreatment and a deposition time of only 60 s. Preliminary data on the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on electrode stability show tolerance up to at least 5 ppm DOM, potentially as high as 20 ppm, suggesting sample digestion may not be necessary when targeting only dissolved copper species. This instrumentation has direct application for inline, rapid and precise detection of trace, dissolved copper species in seawater during copper removal and remediation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Electrochemistry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Detection of Ultra‐Trace Levels of Copper in Seawater Using a Bare Gold Microwire Electrode and a Portable Digital Voltammeter.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brosnan%2C+Luke+M%2E%22">Brosnan, Luke M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lonsdale%2C+Wade%22">Lonsdale, Wade</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pringle%2C+Paul%22">Pringle, Paul</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lewtas%2C+Paul%22">Lewtas, Paul</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ridgway%2C+Samantha%22">Ridgway, Samantha</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Allard%2C+Sebastien%22">Allard, Sebastien</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wajrak%2C+Magdalena%22">Wajrak, Magdalena</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> m.wajrak@ecu.edu.au</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Basu+Roy%2C+Sohini%22">Basu Roy, Sohini</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> sbasuroy@wiley.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Electrochemistry%22">International Journal of Electrochemistry</searchLink>. 12/29/2025, Vol. 2025, p1-11. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Copper+analysis%22">Copper analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sea+water+analysis%22">Sea water analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Trace+metals%22">Trace metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Voltammetry%22">Voltammetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fouling%22">Fouling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gold+electrodes%22">Gold electrodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+monitoring%22">Environmental monitoring</searchLink>
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  Data: The accumulation of biomass on ship hulls (biofouling) can greatly decrease their fuel efficiency. Many antifouling coatings contain copper as a biocidal agent, which can be released during hull cleanings and is of particular concern when cleaning the hulls in situ (i.e., without dry docking). Previously established voltammetric methods for the detection of copper in seawater using a gold microwire electrode have been modified and adapted to a portable on‐site voltammetric technique. Notable differences from previous voltammetric methods include the use of linear sweep voltammetry, analysis under atmospheric conditions, alternating the potential during the deposition period and the use of dilute nitric acid as an electrolyte. The new modified method has achieved a cell limit of detection (LOD) in HNO3 electrolyte down to 0.051 ppb and in natural seawater down to 0.089 ppb (below ANZECC guidelines) with minimal sample pretreatment and a deposition time of only 60 s. Preliminary data on the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on electrode stability show tolerance up to at least 5 ppm DOM, potentially as high as 20 ppm, suggesting sample digestion may not be necessary when targeting only dissolved copper species. This instrumentation has direct application for inline, rapid and precise detection of trace, dissolved copper species in seawater during copper removal and remediation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Electrochemistry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1155/ijel/1627819
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
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      – SubjectFull: Copper analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sea water analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trace metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Voltammetry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fouling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gold electrodes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental monitoring
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Detection of Ultra‐Trace Levels of Copper in Seawater Using a Bare Gold Microwire Electrode and a Portable Digital Voltammeter.
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              Text: 12/29/2025
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              Y: 2025
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