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Microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction for efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.

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Title: Microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction for efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
Authors: Zhang, Gui-Rong1 (AUTHOR) 202411060906@std.uestc.edu.cn, Li, Da-Shuai2 (AUTHOR) dashuai_li@csj.uestc.edu.cn, Huang, Xing-Yu1 (AUTHOR) 202511060904@std.uestc.edu.cn, Liu, Yuan-Long3 (AUTHOR) longlaw@sina.com, Cheng, Yan-Qing4 (AUTHOR) chengyq@tianneng.com, Tong, Ling1 (AUTHOR) tongling@uestc.edu.cn
Source: Waste Management. Jan2026, Vol. 211, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Lithium-ion batteries, Metal recycling, Metallurgical analysis, Scalability, Leaching, Waste recycling, Microwave devices, Energy consumption
Abstract: [Display omitted] • Efficient lithium extraction achieved through water leaching. • Near-complete recovery of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn. • Exhibits higher energy efficiency than conventional heating processes. • Demonstrates the scalability potential of microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction. In conventional recycling processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the black mass (BM) of spent LIBs is typically subjected to high-temperature treatment, followed by leaching of valuable metals using strong acids or alkalis. However, these processes are energy-intensive, environmentally detrimental, and costly. Herein, we proposed a microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction (MECTR) method characterized by a rapid heating rate and high heating efficiency. Under microwave irradiation at approximately 20 W, the temperature of the BM was elevated to 545 °C, and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) was completely decomposed within 10 min. Subsequently, lithium was selectively extracted via simple water leaching at room temperature, achieving a leaching efficiency of 96.07 %. Nickel, cobalt, and manganese were effectively leached using a 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution at 60 °C, with leaching efficiencies of 98.01 %, 98.53 %, and 99.50 %, respectively. In addition, the particle morphology and elemental distribution of the BM before and after microwave heating and water leaching were investigated using SEM-EDS, and the formation and leaching behavior of lithium carbonate were analyzed. This strategy, with significant advantages in terms of recovery efficiency, processing time, and energy consumption, provides a promising and sustainable alternative for the recycling of spent LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Waste Management is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 190696409
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction for efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Gui-Rong%22">Zhang, Gui-Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 202411060906@std.uestc.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Da-Shuai%22">Li, Da-Shuai</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dashuai_li@csj.uestc.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Xing-Yu%22">Huang, Xing-Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 202511060904@std.uestc.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yuan-Long%22">Liu, Yuan-Long</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> longlaw@sina.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Yan-Qing%22">Cheng, Yan-Qing</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chengyq@tianneng.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tong%2C+Ling%22">Tong, Ling</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tongling@uestc.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Waste+Management%22">Waste Management</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 211, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium-ion+batteries%22">Lithium-ion batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+recycling%22">Metal recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metallurgical+analysis%22">Metallurgical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scalability%22">Scalability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Leaching%22">Leaching</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+recycling%22">Waste recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+devices%22">Microwave devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption%22">Energy consumption</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: [Display omitted] • Efficient lithium extraction achieved through water leaching. • Near-complete recovery of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn. • Exhibits higher energy efficiency than conventional heating processes. • Demonstrates the scalability potential of microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction. In conventional recycling processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the black mass (BM) of spent LIBs is typically subjected to high-temperature treatment, followed by leaching of valuable metals using strong acids or alkalis. However, these processes are energy-intensive, environmentally detrimental, and costly. Herein, we proposed a microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction (MECTR) method characterized by a rapid heating rate and high heating efficiency. Under microwave irradiation at approximately 20 W, the temperature of the BM was elevated to 545 °C, and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) was completely decomposed within 10 min. Subsequently, lithium was selectively extracted via simple water leaching at room temperature, achieving a leaching efficiency of 96.07 %. Nickel, cobalt, and manganese were effectively leached using a 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution at 60 °C, with leaching efficiencies of 98.01 %, 98.53 %, and 99.50 %, respectively. In addition, the particle morphology and elemental distribution of the BM before and after microwave heating and water leaching were investigated using SEM-EDS, and the formation and leaching behavior of lithium carbonate were analyzed. This strategy, with significant advantages in terms of recovery efficiency, processing time, and energy consumption, provides a promising and sustainable alternative for the recycling of spent LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Waste Management is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115295
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Lithium-ion batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metallurgical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scalability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Leaching
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waste recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Microwave-enhanced carbothermal reduction for efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Gui-Rong
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            NameFull: Li, Da-Shuai
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            NameFull: Huang, Xing-Yu
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            – D: 30
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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