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Evolution and classification of hornworts: new insights from the first plastome‐based phylogeny.

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Title: Evolution and classification of hornworts: new insights from the first plastome‐based phylogeny.
Authors: Xu, Hao1 (AUTHOR), Shen, Chao1 (AUTHOR), Huang, Wen‐Zhuan2 (AUTHOR), Cargill, D. Christine3 (AUTHOR), Villarreal A., Juan Carlos4 (AUTHOR), Chantanaorrapint, Sahut5 (AUTHOR), Promma, Chatchaba5 (AUTHOR), Wei, Yu‐Mei6 (AUTHOR), Ho, Boon Chuan7,8 (AUTHOR), Quandt, Dietmar9 (AUTHOR), Peng, Tao10 (AUTHOR), Xiang, You‐Liang10 (AUTHOR), Zielman, H.Rudi11 (AUTHOR), Bakalin, Vadim A.12 (AUTHOR), Shu, Lei1,13 (AUTHOR) lshu@bio.ecnu.edu.cn, Zhu, Rui‐Liang1,13,14 (AUTHOR) rlzhu@bio.ecnu.edu.cn
Source: New Phytologist. Feb2026, Vol. 249 Issue 3, p1491-1508. 18p.
Subjects: Phylogeny, Plant evolution, Plastids, Biological classification, Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, Genomics, RNA editing
Abstract: Summary: Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) represent a key lineage for understanding fundamental questions in land plant evolution, but their phylogeny and evolutionary history are still not well understood, primarily due to limited genomic resources and insufficient taxon sampling.We conducted comparative genomic analyses of 106 hornwort plastid genomes, including 91 newly generated ones. RNA editing sites were identified by integrating transcriptome data and in silico predictions. Additionally, a new method inspired by marker–capture strategies was proposed to estimate the total number of U‐to‐C editing sites.Hornwort plastomes are larger than those of liverworts and mosses, with rare gene loss or pseudogenization. Both C‐to‐U and U‐to‐C RNA editing occur across all lineages except Leiosporoceros. Diversification rate analyses indicate a major shift between c. 100 and 50 million years ago, possibly linked to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Both morphological and molecular evidence support the merging of Folioceros into Anthoceros, and the recognition of two new species in the small genera Paraphymatoceros and Phymatoceros, respectively.This study presents the first large‐scale plastome phylogeny of hornworts, introduces a DNA‐only method for estimating the number of U‐to‐C RNA editing sites, and updates the classification. These results contribute broadly to our understanding of early land plant evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Evolution and classification of hornworts: new insights from the first plastome‐based phylogeny.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Hao%22">Xu, Hao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Chao%22">Shen, Chao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Wen‐Zhuan%22">Huang, Wen‐Zhuan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cargill%2C+D%2E+Christine%22">Cargill, D. Christine</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villarreal+A%2E%2C+Juan+Carlos%22">Villarreal A., Juan Carlos</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chantanaorrapint%2C+Sahut%22">Chantanaorrapint, Sahut</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Promma%2C+Chatchaba%22">Promma, Chatchaba</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wei%2C+Yu‐Mei%22">Wei, Yu‐Mei</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ho%2C+Boon+Chuan%22">Ho, Boon Chuan</searchLink><relatesTo>7,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Quandt%2C+Dietmar%22">Quandt, Dietmar</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peng%2C+Tao%22">Peng, Tao</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiang%2C+You‐Liang%22">Xiang, You‐Liang</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zielman%2C+H%2ERudi%22">Zielman, H.Rudi</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bakalin%2C+Vadim+A%2E%22">Bakalin, Vadim A.</searchLink><relatesTo>12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shu%2C+Lei%22">Shu, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lshu@bio.ecnu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Rui‐Liang%22">Zhu, Rui‐Liang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,13,14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rlzhu@bio.ecnu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22New+Phytologist%22">New Phytologist</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 249 Issue 3, p1491-1508. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phylogeny%22">Phylogeny</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+evolution%22">Plant evolution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plastids%22">Plastids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biological+classification%22">Biological classification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cretaceous-Paleogene+boundary%22">Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genomics%22">Genomics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22RNA+editing%22">RNA editing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Summary: Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) represent a key lineage for understanding fundamental questions in land plant evolution, but their phylogeny and evolutionary history are still not well understood, primarily due to limited genomic resources and insufficient taxon sampling.We conducted comparative genomic analyses of 106 hornwort plastid genomes, including 91 newly generated ones. RNA editing sites were identified by integrating transcriptome data and in silico predictions. Additionally, a new method inspired by marker–capture strategies was proposed to estimate the total number of U‐to‐C editing sites.Hornwort plastomes are larger than those of liverworts and mosses, with rare gene loss or pseudogenization. Both C‐to‐U and U‐to‐C RNA editing occur across all lineages except Leiosporoceros. Diversification rate analyses indicate a major shift between c. 100 and 50 million years ago, possibly linked to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Both morphological and molecular evidence support the merging of Folioceros into Anthoceros, and the recognition of two new species in the small genera Paraphymatoceros and Phymatoceros, respectively.This study presents the first large‐scale plastome phylogeny of hornworts, introduces a DNA‐only method for estimating the number of U‐to‐C RNA editing sites, and updates the classification. These results contribute broadly to our understanding of early land plant evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/nph.70672
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant evolution
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      – SubjectFull: Plastids
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      – SubjectFull: RNA editing
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