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Energy Evolution and Fine Structure Effects in Typical Rocks Subjected to Impact Loading.

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Title: Energy Evolution and Fine Structure Effects in Typical Rocks Subjected to Impact Loading.
Authors: Deng, Ding1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Gaofeng2 (AUTHOR), Guo, Lianjun1,2 (AUTHOR) guolj@sut.edu.cn, Li, Yuling2 (AUTHOR), Hua, Jiawei2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jan2026, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p3. 19p.
Subjects: Rock mechanics, Impact testing, Impact loads, Energy conversion, Fracture mechanics, Microstructure, Mineralogy, Engineering
Abstract: To investigate the mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of various rock materials under impact loading, dynamic impact tests were conducted on five representative rock types using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The dynamic mechanical response, energy characteristics, mineral composition, and associated microstructural features of these typical rocks were systematically analyzed. The results show that basalt exhibits the highest peak strength, followed by blue sandstone and granite; all three display typical brittle failure characteristics, whereas red sandstone and green sandstone demonstrate greater ductility and plastic deformation capacity. By introducing the energy-time density index, the energy-time density of the rocks ranks from strongest to weakest as follows: green sandstone, red sandstone, granite, blue sandstone, and basalt. An innovative dynamic strength–energy-time density mapping model was established to elucidate the clustering and distinguishing characteristics of these rock materials. Assay results and mesoscopic images confirm the relationship between mineral composition and the fine structure of rock fragmentation mechanisms, highlighting that the critical transition from intergranular to transgranular fracture is the key mechanism governing impact pulverization. Furthermore, fractal analysis reveals that higher fractal dimensions are associated with more complex microcrack structures and may correlate with the corresponding energy dissipation intensity. These findings provide profound insight into the failure mechanisms of rocks under dynamic loading, offering significant theoretical value and engineering application prospects, particularly in fields such as mining excavation and rock mass stability assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Energy Evolution and Fine Structure Effects in Typical Rocks Subjected to Impact Loading.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rock+mechanics%22">Rock mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Impact+testing%22">Impact testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Impact+loads%22">Impact loads</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+conversion%22">Energy conversion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fracture+mechanics%22">Fracture mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mineralogy%22">Mineralogy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Engineering%22">Engineering</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: To investigate the mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of various rock materials under impact loading, dynamic impact tests were conducted on five representative rock types using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The dynamic mechanical response, energy characteristics, mineral composition, and associated microstructural features of these typical rocks were systematically analyzed. The results show that basalt exhibits the highest peak strength, followed by blue sandstone and granite; all three display typical brittle failure characteristics, whereas red sandstone and green sandstone demonstrate greater ductility and plastic deformation capacity. By introducing the energy-time density index, the energy-time density of the rocks ranks from strongest to weakest as follows: green sandstone, red sandstone, granite, blue sandstone, and basalt. An innovative dynamic strength–energy-time density mapping model was established to elucidate the clustering and distinguishing characteristics of these rock materials. Assay results and mesoscopic images confirm the relationship between mineral composition and the fine structure of rock fragmentation mechanisms, highlighting that the critical transition from intergranular to transgranular fracture is the key mechanism governing impact pulverization. Furthermore, fractal analysis reveals that higher fractal dimensions are associated with more complex microcrack structures and may correlate with the corresponding energy dissipation intensity. These findings provide profound insight into the failure mechanisms of rocks under dynamic loading, offering significant theoretical value and engineering application prospects, particularly in fields such as mining excavation and rock mass stability assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19010003
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Impact testing
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      – SubjectFull: Impact loads
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      – SubjectFull: Energy conversion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fracture mechanics
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      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
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      – SubjectFull: Mineralogy
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      – SubjectFull: Engineering
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Energy Evolution and Fine Structure Effects in Typical Rocks Subjected to Impact Loading.
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            NameFull: Deng, Ding
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            NameFull: Li, Yuling
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              Text: Jan2026
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              Y: 2026
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