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Physical effects of driving an acoustic synthetic jet actuator with a low-cost audio amplifier: A vibration study.

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Title: Physical effects of driving an acoustic synthetic jet actuator with a low-cost audio amplifier: A vibration study.
Authors: Rodríguez-Rojas, G.1 (AUTHOR), Sánchez, S.1 (AUTHOR), Hernández-Sánchez, J.F.1 (AUTHOR) federico.hernandez@icat.unam.mx
Source: Applied Acoustics. Mar2026, Vol. 245, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Audio amplifiers, Acoustic resonance, Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1821-1894, Mechanical vibration research, Actuators, Harmonic oscillators, Notch filters, Helmholtz resonators, Frequency response
Abstract: Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) employ a Helmholtz resonator coupled to a driver, causing rapid periodic volume changes within the cavity. In typical acoustic SJAs, a speaker controlled via a function generator and audio amplifier (AA) drives these changes. While commercial AAs balance cost, linearity, and efficiency, their frequency-response characteristics vary significantly, which may degrade SJA's performance. This work demonstrates that a low-cost AA introduces an unintended, variable-amplitude harmonic oscillator that acts as a band-suppression filter near 90 Hz, coinciding with the cavity resonance. This filter inhibits cavity resonance, creating competing dynamics that shape the SJA behavior. Frequency and vibration analysis revealed that replacing the low-cost AA with a higher-quality amplifier eliminates this coupling, confirming the oscillator is rooted in the AA. Further investigation shows that the band-suppression oscillator only interacts with the Helmholtz resonance when the cavity is open to the environment. At higher frequencies, the AA-driven oscillation amplitude surpasses the amplitude of the Helmholtz resonance by up to a factor of 13. These results highlight the critical role of amplifier selection, design, and implementation in acoustic SJA performance, with direct implications for actuator design in applications that require precise control. [Display omitted] • We found that a low-cost AA may couple an oscillator with the characteristics of a band-suppressor filter. • This filter coincides with the system resonance of a Synthetic Jet Actuator (SJA), which may occur in other cases. • The oscillator decouples when using a high-quality AA. • The high-quality AA is heavy and inapplicable in devices of the aerospace industries and agencies. • The band-suppression filter diminishes the efficacy and efficiency of the SJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Acoustics is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Physical effects of driving an acoustic synthetic jet actuator with a low-cost audio amplifier: A vibration study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodríguez-Rojas%2C+G%2E%22">Rodríguez-Rojas, G.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sánchez%2C+S%2E%22">Sánchez, S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hernández-Sánchez%2C+J%2EF%2E%22">Hernández-Sánchez, J.F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> federico.hernandez@icat.unam.mx</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Acoustics%22">Applied Acoustics</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 245, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Audio+amplifiers%22">Audio amplifiers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Acoustic+resonance%22">Acoustic resonance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Helmholtz%2C+Hermann+von%2C+1821-1894%22">Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1821-1894</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+vibration+research%22">Mechanical vibration research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Actuators%22">Actuators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Harmonic+oscillators%22">Harmonic oscillators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Notch+filters%22">Notch filters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Helmholtz+resonators%22">Helmholtz resonators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Frequency+response%22">Frequency response</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) employ a Helmholtz resonator coupled to a driver, causing rapid periodic volume changes within the cavity. In typical acoustic SJAs, a speaker controlled via a function generator and audio amplifier (AA) drives these changes. While commercial AAs balance cost, linearity, and efficiency, their frequency-response characteristics vary significantly, which may degrade SJA's performance. This work demonstrates that a low-cost AA introduces an unintended, variable-amplitude harmonic oscillator that acts as a band-suppression filter near 90 Hz, coinciding with the cavity resonance. This filter inhibits cavity resonance, creating competing dynamics that shape the SJA behavior. Frequency and vibration analysis revealed that replacing the low-cost AA with a higher-quality amplifier eliminates this coupling, confirming the oscillator is rooted in the AA. Further investigation shows that the band-suppression oscillator only interacts with the Helmholtz resonance when the cavity is open to the environment. At higher frequencies, the AA-driven oscillation amplitude surpasses the amplitude of the Helmholtz resonance by up to a factor of 13. These results highlight the critical role of amplifier selection, design, and implementation in acoustic SJA performance, with direct implications for actuator design in applications that require precise control. [Display omitted] • We found that a low-cost AA may couple an oscillator with the characteristics of a band-suppressor filter. • This filter coincides with the system resonance of a Synthetic Jet Actuator (SJA), which may occur in other cases. • The oscillator decouples when using a high-quality AA. • The high-quality AA is heavy and inapplicable in devices of the aerospace industries and agencies. • The band-suppression filter diminishes the efficacy and efficiency of the SJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Acoustics is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111203
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Audio amplifiers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acoustic resonance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1821-1894
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical vibration research
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      – SubjectFull: Actuators
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Harmonic oscillators
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Notch filters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Helmholtz resonators
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Frequency response
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Physical effects of driving an acoustic synthetic jet actuator with a low-cost audio amplifier: A vibration study.
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            NameFull: Sánchez, S.
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              Text: Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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