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Synergistic effect driven: Mixed self-assembled monolayer achieves simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells.

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Title: Synergistic effect driven: Mixed self-assembled monolayer achieves simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells.
Authors: Yang, Tianshu1 (AUTHOR), Wu, Xiaofeng1 (AUTHOR), Fu, Liming2 (AUTHOR), Xu, Jin1,3 (AUTHOR) xujinmse@xmu.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Alloys & Compounds. Jan2026, Vol. 1050, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Monomolecular films, Solar cells, Charge transfer, Durability
Abstract: Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) serve as essential interfacial modification materials and have been extensively employed in high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance charge transport efficiency, reduce interfacial defect density, and improve overall device performance. Despite their advantages, SAMs still encounter notable challenges in further enhancing the efficiency and long-term stability of PSCs. This study systematically investigates [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), and their mixed SAMs. The findings reveal that a strategic combination of these two SAMs can substantially enhance device performance while maintaining robust stability. Within the mixed SAMs, MeO-2PACz contributes to improved charge transport efficiency and enhances the crystalline quality of the thin film, whereas the hydrophobic nature of Me-4PACz significantly bolsters the environmental stability of the device. PSCs fabricated with the mixed SAMs demonstrate commendable efficiency and exceptional stability, with the optimal device achieving a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.92 %. The device retains 90 % of its initial efficiency after 600 h of aging in a glovebox environment and maintains 85 % of its initial efficiency after 288 h of aging in a high-humidity atmospheric environment. This study demonstrates that mixed SAMs hold significant potential for achieving high-performance and high-stability PSCs. [Display omitted] • Combining MeO-2PACz and Me-4PACz enhances device performance while keeping stability. • The rapid nucleation followed by slow growth of mixed SAMs enhances film quality and device performance. • Me-4PACz resolves MeO-2PACz stability issues, enabling PSCs with superior stability. • MeO-2PACz mitigates Me-4PACz's poor wettability, enabling high-quality film fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Alloys & Compounds is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Synergistic effect driven: Mixed self-assembled monolayer achieves simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Tianshu%22">Yang, Tianshu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Xiaofeng%22">Wu, Xiaofeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+Liming%22">Fu, Liming</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Jin%22">Xu, Jin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xujinmse@xmu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Alloys+%26+Compounds%22">Journal of Alloys & Compounds</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 1050, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Monomolecular+films%22">Monomolecular films</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Charge+transfer%22">Charge transfer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Durability%22">Durability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) serve as essential interfacial modification materials and have been extensively employed in high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance charge transport efficiency, reduce interfacial defect density, and improve overall device performance. Despite their advantages, SAMs still encounter notable challenges in further enhancing the efficiency and long-term stability of PSCs. This study systematically investigates [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), and their mixed SAMs. The findings reveal that a strategic combination of these two SAMs can substantially enhance device performance while maintaining robust stability. Within the mixed SAMs, MeO-2PACz contributes to improved charge transport efficiency and enhances the crystalline quality of the thin film, whereas the hydrophobic nature of Me-4PACz significantly bolsters the environmental stability of the device. PSCs fabricated with the mixed SAMs demonstrate commendable efficiency and exceptional stability, with the optimal device achieving a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.92 %. The device retains 90 % of its initial efficiency after 600 h of aging in a glovebox environment and maintains 85 % of its initial efficiency after 288 h of aging in a high-humidity atmospheric environment. This study demonstrates that mixed SAMs hold significant potential for achieving high-performance and high-stability PSCs. [Display omitted] • Combining MeO-2PACz and Me-4PACz enhances device performance while keeping stability. • The rapid nucleation followed by slow growth of mixed SAMs enhances film quality and device performance. • Me-4PACz resolves MeO-2PACz stability issues, enabling PSCs with superior stability. • MeO-2PACz mitigates Me-4PACz's poor wettability, enabling high-quality film fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Alloys & Compounds is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.185818
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Monomolecular films
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Charge transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Durability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Synergistic effect driven: Mixed self-assembled monolayer achieves simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells.
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            NameFull: Yang, Tianshu
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            NameFull: Wu, Xiaofeng
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            NameFull: Fu, Liming
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            NameFull: Xu, Jin
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            – D: 15
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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