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Influence of Ocean Background State in Atlantic Niño Diversity.

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Title: Influence of Ocean Background State in Atlantic Niño Diversity.
Authors: Montoya-Carramolino, L.1 (AUTHOR) lumontoy@ucm.es, Losada, T.1 (AUTHOR), Martín-Rey, M.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Climate. Jan2026, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p385-401. 17p.
Subjects: Ocean temperature, Ocean dynamics, Climate feedbacks, North Atlantic oscillation, Ocean waves
Geographic Terms: Atlantic Ocean
Abstract: The Atlantic Niño exhibits diverse spatial configurations primarily characterized by equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies either confined to the east or shifted to the west of the basin. Several authors have proposed that this displacement can be induced by modifications of the background state or by changes in the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms driving the mode. The present study aims to shed light on the role of the ocean mean state in modulating the effectiveness of the Atlantic Niño generation mechanisms and in shaping its spatial diversity. For this purpose, we use simulations from the Extratropical–Tropical Interaction Model Intercomparison Project, where the mean state is modified by introducing a perturbation in the incoming solar radiation in different latitudinal bands. Our findings suggest that Atlantic Niño patterns with warm SST anomalies more confined to the east exhibit more effective ocean wave propagation and stronger Bjerknes feedback in the east. This enhanced coupling results from the interplay between a favorable ocean background state and strong interannual westerly anomalies of the trade winds. In particular, a mean thermocline that is steeper, shallower in the east, and more variable in boreal summer, together with reduced stratification, favors stronger dynamical coupling in the easternmost part of the basin and supports the emergence of the eastward Atlantic Niño patterns. This is accompanied by increased equatorial Atlantic SST variability. Our results, in agreement with observations, highlight the crucial role of the upper-ocean mean state in modulating the dynamic coupling and shaping the diverse Atlantic Niño patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Climate is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Influence of Ocean Background State in Atlantic Niño Diversity.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Montoya-Carramolino%2C+L%2E%22">Montoya-Carramolino, L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lumontoy@ucm.es</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Losada%2C+T%2E%22">Losada, T.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martín-Rey%2C+M%2E%22">Martín-Rey, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Climate%22">Journal of Climate</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p385-401. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+temperature%22">Ocean temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+dynamics%22">Ocean dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climate+feedbacks%22">Climate feedbacks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22North+Atlantic+oscillation%22">North Atlantic oscillation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+waves%22">Ocean waves</searchLink>
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  Data: The Atlantic Niño exhibits diverse spatial configurations primarily characterized by equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies either confined to the east or shifted to the west of the basin. Several authors have proposed that this displacement can be induced by modifications of the background state or by changes in the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms driving the mode. The present study aims to shed light on the role of the ocean mean state in modulating the effectiveness of the Atlantic Niño generation mechanisms and in shaping its spatial diversity. For this purpose, we use simulations from the Extratropical–Tropical Interaction Model Intercomparison Project, where the mean state is modified by introducing a perturbation in the incoming solar radiation in different latitudinal bands. Our findings suggest that Atlantic Niño patterns with warm SST anomalies more confined to the east exhibit more effective ocean wave propagation and stronger Bjerknes feedback in the east. This enhanced coupling results from the interplay between a favorable ocean background state and strong interannual westerly anomalies of the trade winds. In particular, a mean thermocline that is steeper, shallower in the east, and more variable in boreal summer, together with reduced stratification, favors stronger dynamical coupling in the easternmost part of the basin and supports the emergence of the eastward Atlantic Niño patterns. This is accompanied by increased equatorial Atlantic SST variability. Our results, in agreement with observations, highlight the crucial role of the upper-ocean mean state in modulating the dynamic coupling and shaping the diverse Atlantic Niño patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Climate is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0170.1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
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      – SubjectFull: Ocean temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Climate feedbacks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: North Atlantic oscillation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean waves
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      – SubjectFull: Atlantic Ocean
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      – TitleFull: Influence of Ocean Background State in Atlantic Niño Diversity.
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            NameFull: Montoya-Carramolino, L.
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            NameFull: Losada, T.
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            NameFull: Martín-Rey, M.
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              Text: Jan2026
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              Y: 2026
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