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Characterization of liquid jet breakup mechanisms in a swirl coaxial aerated injector.

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Title: Characterization of liquid jet breakup mechanisms in a swirl coaxial aerated injector.
Authors: Harikumar, Harikrishnan1 (AUTHOR) harikrishnan23@outlook.com, Vincent Raj, Ajay1 (AUTHOR), Sadanandan, Rajesh1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Experiments in Fluids. Jan2026, Vol. 67 Issue 1, p1-20. 20p.
Subjects: Atomization, Injectors, Water jets, Atomizers, Proper orthogonal decomposition, Flow visualization, Fluid dynamics
Abstract: Mechanism of spray breakup in a swirl coaxial aerated injector (SCAI) that couples internal effervescent mixing with a swirl stream is reported. Shadowgraph experiments span liquid flow rate, injection pressure, gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) and swirl momentum ratio (MR) to map how parametric variations influence the near-field atomization pathway. The images reveal a consistent sequence of mechanisms—intact core, interfacial waves, ligament formation and fine fragment clouds—whose location and intensity shift systematically with different operating points. Increasing liquid injection pressure tightens the core and advances breakup toward the lip; increasing GLR promotes early stripping, broad liquid-film shedding and a wider droplet-size spectrum; increasing liquid flow rate (at fixed aeration) lengthens the intact region and delays fragmentation; adding coaxial swirl shortens the intact length, widens the cone and redistributes fragments into an annular shell. To quantify these changes, we apply snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to large image datasets captured at each operating point in order to isolate the coherent structures. Four spectral modes were sufficient for every test case. These findings provide a reduced-order description that links injector settings to breakup physics and serve as guidance for injector spray design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Experiments in Fluids is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 190888687
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  Data: Characterization of liquid jet breakup mechanisms in a swirl coaxial aerated injector.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Harikumar%2C+Harikrishnan%22">Harikumar, Harikrishnan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> harikrishnan23@outlook.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vincent+Raj%2C+Ajay%22">Vincent Raj, Ajay</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sadanandan%2C+Rajesh%22">Sadanandan, Rajesh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Experiments+in+Fluids%22">Experiments in Fluids</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 67 Issue 1, p1-20. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomization%22">Atomization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Injectors%22">Injectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+jets%22">Water jets</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomizers%22">Atomizers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proper+orthogonal+decomposition%22">Proper orthogonal decomposition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+visualization%22">Flow visualization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluid+dynamics%22">Fluid dynamics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Mechanism of spray breakup in a swirl coaxial aerated injector (SCAI) that couples internal effervescent mixing with a swirl stream is reported. Shadowgraph experiments span liquid flow rate, injection pressure, gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) and swirl momentum ratio (MR) to map how parametric variations influence the near-field atomization pathway. The images reveal a consistent sequence of mechanisms—intact core, interfacial waves, ligament formation and fine fragment clouds—whose location and intensity shift systematically with different operating points. Increasing liquid injection pressure tightens the core and advances breakup toward the lip; increasing GLR promotes early stripping, broad liquid-film shedding and a wider droplet-size spectrum; increasing liquid flow rate (at fixed aeration) lengthens the intact region and delays fragmentation; adding coaxial swirl shortens the intact length, widens the cone and redistributes fragments into an annular shell. To quantify these changes, we apply snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to large image datasets captured at each operating point in order to isolate the coherent structures. Four spectral modes were sufficient for every test case. These findings provide a reduced-order description that links injector settings to breakup physics and serve as guidance for injector spray design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Experiments in Fluids is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s00348-025-04154-2
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Atomization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Injectors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water jets
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atomizers
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      – SubjectFull: Proper orthogonal decomposition
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      – SubjectFull: Flow visualization
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      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
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      – TitleFull: Characterization of liquid jet breakup mechanisms in a swirl coaxial aerated injector.
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            NameFull: Harikumar, Harikrishnan
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            NameFull: Vincent Raj, Ajay
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              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
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              Y: 2026
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