Understanding the Influence of Thermal Treatment on Phase Changes and Reactivity of Smectite for Use in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement.
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| Title: | Understanding the Influence of Thermal Treatment on Phase Changes and Reactivity of Smectite for Use in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement. |
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| Authors: | Dhar, Mehnaz1 (AUTHOR) dharmehnaz08@gmail.com, Bishnoi, Shashank2 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Mar2026, Vol. 38 Issue 3, p1-18. 18p. |
| Subjects: | Smectite, Clay minerals, Clay, Pozzolanic reaction, Heat treatment, Compressive strength, Sustainable construction |
| Abstract: | The partial replacement of cement by calcined clays is seen as one of the most important avenues for producing low-carbon cements. However, the limited availability of kaolinite may become a major barrier for the industrial adoption of this technology. This paper demonstrates the potential use of iron-rich smectite clays, which are more easily available in many regions, as supplementary cementitious materials by comparing the physical and chemical changes that occur in smectite with those in kaolinite upon thermal treatment. The clays were calcined between 400°C and 1,000°C and were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The physical and chemical properties of calcined clays like specific surface area, density, morphology, and cation exchange capacity were also examined. The dehydroxylation process of the clays was found to be distinct: smectite undergoes a two-step dehydroxylation, transforming into a highly amorphous phase only after the removal of hydroxyl groups in the second step unlike kaolinites. The effect of clay mineral type and calcination temperature on the pozzolanic reactivity and mortar compressive strength was also assessed. It was observed that properly calcined smectite clay exhibits pozzolanic reactivity similar to or even higher than that of kaolinite. The type of clay mineral influences the rate of strength development because smectite showed slower but longer hydration and ultimately matched the compressive strength of kaolinite by 28 days. These findings present the potential of producing sustainable calcined clay cements more widely around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 190910870 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Understanding the Influence of Thermal Treatment on Phase Changes and Reactivity of Smectite for Use in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dhar%2C+Mehnaz%22">Dhar, Mehnaz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dharmehnaz08@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bishnoi%2C+Shashank%22">Bishnoi, Shashank</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+in+Civil+Engineering%22">Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 38 Issue 3, p1-18. 18p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smectite%22">Smectite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clay+minerals%22">Clay minerals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clay%22">Clay</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pozzolanic+reaction%22">Pozzolanic reaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Compressive+strength%22">Compressive strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+construction%22">Sustainable construction</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The partial replacement of cement by calcined clays is seen as one of the most important avenues for producing low-carbon cements. However, the limited availability of kaolinite may become a major barrier for the industrial adoption of this technology. This paper demonstrates the potential use of iron-rich smectite clays, which are more easily available in many regions, as supplementary cementitious materials by comparing the physical and chemical changes that occur in smectite with those in kaolinite upon thermal treatment. The clays were calcined between 400°C and 1,000°C and were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The physical and chemical properties of calcined clays like specific surface area, density, morphology, and cation exchange capacity were also examined. The dehydroxylation process of the clays was found to be distinct: smectite undergoes a two-step dehydroxylation, transforming into a highly amorphous phase only after the removal of hydroxyl groups in the second step unlike kaolinites. The effect of clay mineral type and calcination temperature on the pozzolanic reactivity and mortar compressive strength was also assessed. It was observed that properly calcined smectite clay exhibits pozzolanic reactivity similar to or even higher than that of kaolinite. The type of clay mineral influences the rate of strength development because smectite showed slower but longer hydration and ultimately matched the compressive strength of kaolinite by 28 days. These findings present the potential of producing sustainable calcined clay cements more widely around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-20978 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 18 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Smectite Type: general – SubjectFull: Clay minerals Type: general – SubjectFull: Clay Type: general – SubjectFull: Pozzolanic reaction Type: general – SubjectFull: Heat treatment Type: general – SubjectFull: Compressive strength Type: general – SubjectFull: Sustainable construction Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Understanding the Influence of Thermal Treatment on Phase Changes and Reactivity of Smectite for Use in Limestone Calcined Clay Cement. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Dhar, Mehnaz – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bishnoi, Shashank IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 03 Text: Mar2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 08991561 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 38 – Type: issue Value: 3 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
