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A Coarse‐to‐Fine 3D LiDAR Localization With Deep Local Features for Long‐Term Robot Navigation in Large Environments.

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Title: A Coarse‐to‐Fine 3D LiDAR Localization With Deep Local Features for Long‐Term Robot Navigation in Large Environments.
Authors: Máximo, Míriam1 (AUTHOR) mmaximo@umh.es, Santo, Antonio1 (AUTHOR), Gil, Arturo1 (AUTHOR), Ballesta, Mónica1 (AUTHOR), Valiente, David1 (AUTHOR), Cuccureddu, Floriano1 (AUTHOR) fcuccuredd@wiley.com
Source: International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 1/20/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Localization problems (Robotics), Deep learning, Point cloud, LIDAR
Abstract: The location of a robot is a key aspect in the field of mobile robotics. This problem is particularly complex when the initial pose of the robot is unknown. In order to find a solution, it is necessary to perform a global localization. In this paper, we propose a method that addresses this problem using a coarse‐to‐fine solution. The coarse localization relies on a probabilistic approach of the Monte Carlo localization (MCL) method, with the contribution of a robust deep learning model, the MinkUNeXt neural network, to produce a robust description of point clouds of a 3D LiDAR within the observation model. The MCL method has been approached from a topological perspective, considering that the particles are initialized on the map positions where LiDAR scans have been previously captured. For fine localization, global point cloud registration has been implemented. MinkUNeXt aids this by exploiting the outputs of its intermediate layers to produce deep local features for each point in a scan. These features facilitate precise alignment between the current sensor observation (query) and one of the point clouds on the map. The proposed MCL method incorporating deep local features for fine localization is termed MCL‐DLF. Alternatively, a classical ICP method has been implemented for this precise localization aiming at comparison purposes. This method is termed as MCL‐ICP. In order to validate the performance of the MCL‐DLF method, it has been tested on publicly available datasets such as the NCLT dataset, which provides seasonal large‐scale environments. In addition, tests have been also performed with our own data (UMH) that also include seasonal variations on large indoor/outdoor scenarios. The results, which were compared with established state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, demonstrate that the MCL‐DLF method obtains an accurate estimate of the robot localization in dynamic environments despite changes in environmental conditions. For reproducibility purposes, the code is publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Intelligent Systems is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A Coarse‐to‐Fine 3D LiDAR Localization With Deep Local Features for Long‐Term Robot Navigation in Large Environments.
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  Data: The location of a robot is a key aspect in the field of mobile robotics. This problem is particularly complex when the initial pose of the robot is unknown. In order to find a solution, it is necessary to perform a global localization. In this paper, we propose a method that addresses this problem using a coarse‐to‐fine solution. The coarse localization relies on a probabilistic approach of the Monte Carlo localization (MCL) method, with the contribution of a robust deep learning model, the MinkUNeXt neural network, to produce a robust description of point clouds of a 3D LiDAR within the observation model. The MCL method has been approached from a topological perspective, considering that the particles are initialized on the map positions where LiDAR scans have been previously captured. For fine localization, global point cloud registration has been implemented. MinkUNeXt aids this by exploiting the outputs of its intermediate layers to produce deep local features for each point in a scan. These features facilitate precise alignment between the current sensor observation (query) and one of the point clouds on the map. The proposed MCL method incorporating deep local features for fine localization is termed MCL‐DLF. Alternatively, a classical ICP method has been implemented for this precise localization aiming at comparison purposes. This method is termed as MCL‐ICP. In order to validate the performance of the MCL‐DLF method, it has been tested on publicly available datasets such as the NCLT dataset, which provides seasonal large‐scale environments. In addition, tests have been also performed with our own data (UMH) that also include seasonal variations on large indoor/outdoor scenarios. The results, which were compared with established state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, demonstrate that the MCL‐DLF method obtains an accurate estimate of the robot localization in dynamic environments despite changes in environmental conditions. For reproducibility purposes, the code is publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Intelligent Systems is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1155/int/4278222
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Deep learning
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      – SubjectFull: Point cloud
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      – SubjectFull: LIDAR
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      – TitleFull: A Coarse‐to‐Fine 3D LiDAR Localization With Deep Local Features for Long‐Term Robot Navigation in Large Environments.
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              M: 01
              Text: 1/20/2026
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              Y: 2026
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