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SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing.

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Title: SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing.
Authors: Mohanty, Subhasish1 (AUTHOR) subhasish2307@gmail.com, Mishra, Jyotirmaya1 (AUTHOR) jyotirmayamishra75@gmail.com, Mohapatra, Sudhir Kumar2 (AUTHOR) sudhir.mohapatra@srisriuniversity.edu.in, Bejo, Seifu Detso3 (AUTHOR) seifu.detso@wku.edu.et, Deferisha, Aliazar Deneke4 (AUTHOR) aliazar.deneke@amu.edu.et
Source: Information Retrieval Journal. Dec2025, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Computer software testing, Mutations (Algebra), Mathematical optimization, Foraging behavior, Heuristic
Abstract: In today's software testing community, quality assessment remains critical, with mutation testing standing as a cornerstone technique for evaluating the effectiveness of test cases. This method involves introducing faulty code, or mutants, into the program to assess the quality of the test suite and other testing methods. However, mutation testing faces challenges such as the generation of numerous mutants, the presence of equivalent mutants that are difficult to detect through testing, and the lack of realistic mutant creation. Literature reviews indicate significant efforts to address these issues through formal solutions and heuristic methods. Recent optimization-based methods are now recognized as cost-effective result in an optimized solution. Hence, to overcome these limitations, this study introduces SQUMUTH, a novel approach for high-order mutant generation based on the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA). Inspired by the foraging behavior of squirrels, SSA offers a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of mutation testing. Experimental evaluations on eight well-known Java benchmark programs demonstrate that SQUMUTH outperforms existing methods. Comparative analyses of mutation scores and the rates of realistic mutants consistently show its better performance across all subject programs compared to other state-of-the-art methods such as Social Group Optimization, Binary Genetic Algorithm, and random testing. The experimental results underscore its effectiveness in generating more realistic mutants. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach has the potential to advance software testing by improving the cost-effectiveness of mutation analysis and the quality of software systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Information Retrieval Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohanty%2C+Subhasish%22">Mohanty, Subhasish</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> subhasish2307@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mishra%2C+Jyotirmaya%22">Mishra, Jyotirmaya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jyotirmayamishra75@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohapatra%2C+Sudhir+Kumar%22">Mohapatra, Sudhir Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sudhir.mohapatra@srisriuniversity.edu.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bejo%2C+Seifu+Detso%22">Bejo, Seifu Detso</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> seifu.detso@wku.edu.et</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Deferisha%2C+Aliazar+Deneke%22">Deferisha, Aliazar Deneke</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aliazar.deneke@amu.edu.et</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Information+Retrieval+Journal%22">Information Retrieval Journal</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+software+testing%22">Computer software testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mutations+%28Algebra%29%22">Mutations (Algebra)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foraging+behavior%22">Foraging behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heuristic%22">Heuristic</searchLink>
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  Data: In today's software testing community, quality assessment remains critical, with mutation testing standing as a cornerstone technique for evaluating the effectiveness of test cases. This method involves introducing faulty code, or mutants, into the program to assess the quality of the test suite and other testing methods. However, mutation testing faces challenges such as the generation of numerous mutants, the presence of equivalent mutants that are difficult to detect through testing, and the lack of realistic mutant creation. Literature reviews indicate significant efforts to address these issues through formal solutions and heuristic methods. Recent optimization-based methods are now recognized as cost-effective result in an optimized solution. Hence, to overcome these limitations, this study introduces SQUMUTH, a novel approach for high-order mutant generation based on the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA). Inspired by the foraging behavior of squirrels, SSA offers a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of mutation testing. Experimental evaluations on eight well-known Java benchmark programs demonstrate that SQUMUTH outperforms existing methods. Comparative analyses of mutation scores and the rates of realistic mutants consistently show its better performance across all subject programs compared to other state-of-the-art methods such as Social Group Optimization, Binary Genetic Algorithm, and random testing. The experimental results underscore its effectiveness in generating more realistic mutants. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach has the potential to advance software testing by improving the cost-effectiveness of mutation analysis and the quality of software systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Information Retrieval Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10791-025-09525-1
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
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      – SubjectFull: Foraging behavior
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      – SubjectFull: Heuristic
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      – TitleFull: SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing.
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            NameFull: Mohanty, Subhasish
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            NameFull: Mishra, Jyotirmaya
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              Text: Dec2025
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