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Questionnaire Data Limitations and the Role of Pig Iron and Scrap in foundry Carbon Footprints.

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Title: Questionnaire Data Limitations and the Role of Pig Iron and Scrap in foundry Carbon Footprints.
Authors: Yu, Tianfei1 (AUTHOR) yutianfei2001@163.com, Zhou, Xue1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Congguang2 (AUTHOR), Li, Ming3 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Metalcasting. Jan2026, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p440-450. 11p.
Subjects: Scrap materials, Data integrity, Cast-iron, Ecological impact, Carbon dioxide mitigation, Acquisition of data, Emissions (Air pollution)
Abstract: This Technical Communication critically examines the study "Comparison of Carbon Footprints in Sourcing of Cast Components" by Sappinen et al., focusing on two major aspects: data reliability and the influence of raw material and energy choices on regional emission outcomes. The original study's reliance on questionnaire-based self-reported data introduces significant uncertainties due to potential under-reporting, inconsistent definitions, and limited sample representativeness. Given these factors, the resulting carbon footprint values are more appropriately interpreted as indicative or first-approximation estimates rather than precise measurements. These limitations constrain the precision and comparability of the carbon footprint estimates among foundries. The discussion further explores how differences in the use of pig iron versus recycled scrap, along with variations in electricity generation and heating energy sources, largely explain the contrast in emissions between Finnish, German, Czech, and Chinese foundries. Finnish plants benefit from cleaner electricity and abundant scrap, while Chinese foundries remain heavily dependent on pig iron and coal-based energy. The discussion also notes that casting-yield differences and occasional use of rapid-delivery transport modes, such as air shipment in urgent cases, can influence cradle-to-gate values but are not fully captured by annualized questionnaire data. In addition, recent studies on melting technologies and scrap-based charge compositions further align with the observed trends, reinforcing the importance of raw material and energy choices in determining foundry carbon footprints. Strengthening data collection standards, expanding sample coverage, and integrating on-site verification would enhance the robustness of such assessments and support more informed decarbonization strategies in global metalcasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Metalcasting is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191134278
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Questionnaire Data Limitations and the Role of Pig Iron and Scrap in foundry Carbon Footprints.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Tianfei%22">Yu, Tianfei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yutianfei2001@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Xue%22">Zhou, Xue</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Congguang%22">Zhang, Congguang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Ming%22">Li, Ming</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Metalcasting%22">International Journal of Metalcasting</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p440-450. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scrap+materials%22">Scrap materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+integrity%22">Data integrity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cast-iron%22">Cast-iron</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecological+impact%22">Ecological impact</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+dioxide+mitigation%22">Carbon dioxide mitigation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Acquisition+of+data%22">Acquisition of data</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emissions+%28Air+pollution%29%22">Emissions (Air pollution)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This Technical Communication critically examines the study "Comparison of Carbon Footprints in Sourcing of Cast Components" by Sappinen et al., focusing on two major aspects: data reliability and the influence of raw material and energy choices on regional emission outcomes. The original study's reliance on questionnaire-based self-reported data introduces significant uncertainties due to potential under-reporting, inconsistent definitions, and limited sample representativeness. Given these factors, the resulting carbon footprint values are more appropriately interpreted as indicative or first-approximation estimates rather than precise measurements. These limitations constrain the precision and comparability of the carbon footprint estimates among foundries. The discussion further explores how differences in the use of pig iron versus recycled scrap, along with variations in electricity generation and heating energy sources, largely explain the contrast in emissions between Finnish, German, Czech, and Chinese foundries. Finnish plants benefit from cleaner electricity and abundant scrap, while Chinese foundries remain heavily dependent on pig iron and coal-based energy. The discussion also notes that casting-yield differences and occasional use of rapid-delivery transport modes, such as air shipment in urgent cases, can influence cradle-to-gate values but are not fully captured by annualized questionnaire data. In addition, recent studies on melting technologies and scrap-based charge compositions further align with the observed trends, reinforcing the importance of raw material and energy choices in determining foundry carbon footprints. Strengthening data collection standards, expanding sample coverage, and integrating on-site verification would enhance the robustness of such assessments and support more informed decarbonization strategies in global metalcasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Metalcasting is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s40962-025-01846-7
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      – SubjectFull: Carbon dioxide mitigation
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      – SubjectFull: Acquisition of data
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      – SubjectFull: Emissions (Air pollution)
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      – TitleFull: Questionnaire Data Limitations and the Role of Pig Iron and Scrap in foundry Carbon Footprints.
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              Text: Jan2026
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