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Self-loop analysis based on dockless bike-sharing system via bike mobility chain: empirical evidence from Shanghai.

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Title: Self-loop analysis based on dockless bike-sharing system via bike mobility chain: empirical evidence from Shanghai.
Authors: Song, Yancun1 (AUTHOR) 22260191@zju.edu.cn, Zhang, Li1 (AUTHOR) 22260297@zju.edu.cn, Luo, Kang1 (AUTHOR) kangluo@zju.edu.cn, Wang, Chenyan2 (AUTHOR) 2020111491@live.sufe.edu.cn, Yu, Chengcheng3 (AUTHOR) chengchengyu@tongji.edu.cn, Shen, Yonggang1 (AUTHOR) sygdesign@zju.edu.cn, Yu, Qing4 (AUTHOR) yuq@pku.edu.cn
Source: Transportation. Feb2026, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p373-397. 25p.
Subjects: Bicycle sharing programs, Sustainability, Transportation management, Operating costs, Land use, Tobits
Geographic Terms: Shanghai (China), China
Abstract: Self-loop is a unique phenomenon observed in the daily operations of bike-sharing systems, characterized by bike returning to its original starting point after several trips within the bike mobility chain. The bike mobility chain concept involves forming new bike chains with a minimal fleet size. By understanding self-loop behavior, we can optimize fleet management and reduce operational costs. This study specifically investigates the self-loop behavior within the bike mobility chain while considering potential demand, using the case of the dockless bike-sharing system in Shanghai, China. An advanced multiply censored Tobit model is utilized to incorporate potential demand into origin–destination (O–D) data and reconstruct the bike mobility chain. The formation mechanisms of self-loop chains based on the land use and geographic location are analyzed. Our model achieved an R2 of 0.871, significantly outperforming the baseline model. The results indicate that 76% of the bike chains can form self-loops within a 2-week period. Campus areas exhibit the highest self-loop rates, while suburban campuses can sustain operations with minimal or no scheduling required. This study not only reveals the back-and-forth behavior but also provides insights for scheduling and deployment strategies to enhance the environmental sustainability of bike-sharing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Transportation is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Self-loop analysis based on dockless bike-sharing system via bike mobility chain: empirical evidence from Shanghai.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Yancun%22">Song, Yancun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 22260191@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Li%22">Zhang, Li</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 22260297@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luo%2C+Kang%22">Luo, Kang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kangluo@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Chenyan%22">Wang, Chenyan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 2020111491@live.sufe.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Chengcheng%22">Yu, Chengcheng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chengchengyu@tongji.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Yonggang%22">Shen, Yonggang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sygdesign@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Qing%22">Yu, Qing</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yuq@pku.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Transportation%22">Transportation</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p373-397. 25p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bicycle+sharing+programs%22">Bicycle sharing programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transportation+management%22">Transportation management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Operating+costs%22">Operating costs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Land+use%22">Land use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tobits%22">Tobits</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shanghai+%28China%29%22">Shanghai (China)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Self-loop is a unique phenomenon observed in the daily operations of bike-sharing systems, characterized by bike returning to its original starting point after several trips within the bike mobility chain. The bike mobility chain concept involves forming new bike chains with a minimal fleet size. By understanding self-loop behavior, we can optimize fleet management and reduce operational costs. This study specifically investigates the self-loop behavior within the bike mobility chain while considering potential demand, using the case of the dockless bike-sharing system in Shanghai, China. An advanced multiply censored Tobit model is utilized to incorporate potential demand into origin–destination (O–D) data and reconstruct the bike mobility chain. The formation mechanisms of self-loop chains based on the land use and geographic location are analyzed. Our model achieved an R2 of 0.871, significantly outperforming the baseline model. The results indicate that 76% of the bike chains can form self-loops within a 2-week period. Campus areas exhibit the highest self-loop rates, while suburban campuses can sustain operations with minimal or no scheduling required. This study not only reveals the back-and-forth behavior but also provides insights for scheduling and deployment strategies to enhance the environmental sustainability of bike-sharing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Transportation is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11116-024-10500-w
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 25
        StartPage: 373
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      – SubjectFull: Bicycle sharing programs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transportation management
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      – SubjectFull: Operating costs
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      – SubjectFull: Land use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tobits
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      – SubjectFull: Shanghai (China)
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      – SubjectFull: China
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      – TitleFull: Self-loop analysis based on dockless bike-sharing system via bike mobility chain: empirical evidence from Shanghai.
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            NameFull: Song, Yancun
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            NameFull: Zhang, Li
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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