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Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight.

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Title: Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight.
Authors: Wang, Xueyan1 (AUTHOR), Hu, Shanzhu1 (AUTHOR), Sun, Rui1,2 (AUTHOR), Tian, Hua1 (AUTHOR) thtju@tju.edu.cn, Shu, Gequn1,3 (AUTHOR) sgq@tju.edu.cn, Yang, Zhao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Refrigeration. Mar2026, Vol. 183, p402-418. 17p.
Subjects: Flammable limits, Refrigerants, Chemical kinetics, Combustion engineering, Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery, Empirical research
Abstract: • Developing a kinetic model for HFOs/HCs refrigerants blend. • Obtaining the flammable zones of R1234yf/R600a. • Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limit of R600a. • Clarifying the promoting and inhibiting combustion mechanisms of HFOs. R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blends are regarded as a compromise solution to replace high-GWP refrigerants. They possess excellent thermodynamic properties compared to pure refrigerants. However, R1234yf refrigerants exhibit completely opposite influences on the lower (LFL) and upper flammability limits (UFL) of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In this study, the representative HFOs refrigerant R1234yf was selected to experimentally investigate its influence on the flammability limits (FLs) of R600a, a typical hydrocarbon refrigerant. The LFL and UFL of R600a converge when the volume fraction of R1234yf in mixture reaches 0.92. The UFL and LFL of R600a are reduced by 93.7 % and 71.9 %, respectively. Secondly, oxidation experiments of R600a were conducted using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) technology, and a kinetic model for R600a was selected based on the experimental data. The hydrocarbon mechanism was coupled with the optimized NIST2021 mechanism, and for the first time, a kinetic model applicable to R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blend was proposed. The proposed kinetic model reveals the mechanisms driving the contrasting effects of R1234yf on the FLs of R600a refrigerants. Simulation results indicate that R1234yf significantly influences the flame structure of R600a in both lean and rich combustion, owing to pronounced variations in the mole fractions of radicals H, OH, and O. Among them, H radicals have a greater influence on the reaction pathways than OH and O radicals. These findings help to identify the potential risks associated with promoting the use of R1234yf/R600a refrigerant blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Xueyan%22">Wang, Xueyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hu%2C+Shanzhu%22">Hu, Shanzhu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Rui%22">Sun, Rui</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Hua%22">Tian, Hua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> thtju@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shu%2C+Gequn%22">Shu, Gequn</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sgq@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Zhao%22">Yang, Zhao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Refrigeration%22">International Journal of Refrigeration</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 183, p402-418. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammable+limits%22">Flammable limits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refrigerants%22">Refrigerants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Combustion+engineering%22">Combustion engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refrigeration+%26+refrigerating+machinery%22">Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Empirical+research%22">Empirical research</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Developing a kinetic model for HFOs/HCs refrigerants blend. • Obtaining the flammable zones of R1234yf/R600a. • Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limit of R600a. • Clarifying the promoting and inhibiting combustion mechanisms of HFOs. R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blends are regarded as a compromise solution to replace high-GWP refrigerants. They possess excellent thermodynamic properties compared to pure refrigerants. However, R1234yf refrigerants exhibit completely opposite influences on the lower (LFL) and upper flammability limits (UFL) of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In this study, the representative HFOs refrigerant R1234yf was selected to experimentally investigate its influence on the flammability limits (FLs) of R600a, a typical hydrocarbon refrigerant. The LFL and UFL of R600a converge when the volume fraction of R1234yf in mixture reaches 0.92. The UFL and LFL of R600a are reduced by 93.7 % and 71.9 %, respectively. Secondly, oxidation experiments of R600a were conducted using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) technology, and a kinetic model for R600a was selected based on the experimental data. The hydrocarbon mechanism was coupled with the optimized NIST2021 mechanism, and for the first time, a kinetic model applicable to R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blend was proposed. The proposed kinetic model reveals the mechanisms driving the contrasting effects of R1234yf on the FLs of R600a refrigerants. Simulation results indicate that R1234yf significantly influences the flame structure of R600a in both lean and rich combustion, owing to pronounced variations in the mole fractions of radicals H, OH, and O. Among them, H radicals have a greater influence on the reaction pathways than OH and O radicals. These findings help to identify the potential risks associated with promoting the use of R1234yf/R600a refrigerant blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.018
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 402
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flammable limits
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigerants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Combustion engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refrigeration & refrigerating machinery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Empirical research
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight.
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            NameFull: Wang, Xueyan
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            NameFull: Hu, Shanzhu
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            NameFull: Sun, Rui
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            NameFull: Tian, Hua
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            NameFull: Shu, Gequn
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            NameFull: Yang, Zhao
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 01407007
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              Value: 183
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Refrigeration
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