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Assessing Radiance Contributions Above Near-Space over the Ocean Using Radiative Transfer Simulation.

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Title: Assessing Radiance Contributions Above Near-Space over the Ocean Using Radiative Transfer Simulation.
Authors: Li, Chunxia1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Jia2 (AUTHOR) liujia1@opt.ac.cn, He, Qingying3 (AUTHOR), Xu, Ming1,3 (AUTHOR), Li, Mengqi2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jan2026, Vol. 18 Issue 2, p337. 25p.
Subjects: Radiance, Calibration, Radiative transfer, Aerosols, Remote sensing devices, Optical properties, Machine learning
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? Radiative transfer simulations revealed that in most non-glint contaminated observation areas, the contribution of atmospheric upwelling radiance above scientific balloon platforms to the total radiance (Lt) at the TOA exceeded 2%, demonstrating that this path radiance cannot be neglected in near-space radiometric calibration. The study established a transformability from near-space radiance to Lt using a multilayer perceptron model, achieving a mean absolute percentage deviation not exceeding 0.5%, which verifies the feasibility and high accuracy of near-space radiometric calibration. What are the implications of the main findings? This research confirms that near-space radiometric calibration platforms offer greater flexibility and lower sensitivity to variations in inherent optical properties compared to traditional vicarious calibration, making them a significant complementary approach for calibrating satellite ocean color sensors, especially in waters with low chlorophyll or dominated by non-algal particles. The near-space radiometric calibration highlights its sensitivity to aerosol vertical distribution and demonstrates the potential to reduce error propagation from the platform to the satellite under high aerosol conditions, providing a theoretical basis for developing more robust calibration schemes that are less affected by the lower atmosphere. Using the near-space platform to conduct radiometric calibrations of ocean color sensors is a promising method for refining calibration precision, but there is knowledge gap about the radiance contributions above near-space over the open ocean. We used the radiative transfer (RT) model (PCOART) to assess the contributions (LR) of the upwelling radiance received at the near-space balloons to the total radiance (Lt) measured at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The results indicated that the LR displayed distinct geometric dependencies with exceeding 2% across most observation geometries. Moreover, the LR increased with wavelengths under the various solar zenith angles, and the LR values fell below 1% only for the two near-infrared bands. Additionally, the influences of variations in oceanic constituents on LR were negligible across various azimuth angles and spectral bands, except in nonalgal particle (NAP)-dominated waters. Furthermore, the influences of aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) and atmospheric vertical distributions on LR were examined. Outside glint-contaminated areas, the atmosphere-associated LR variations could exceed 2% but declined substantially as AOTs increased under most observation geometries. The mean height of the vertically inhomogeneous layer (hm) significantly influenced LR, and the differences in Lt could exceed 5% when comparing atmospheric vertical distributions following homogeneous versus Gaussian-like distributions. Finally, the transformability from near-space radiance to Lt was examined based on a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) model, which exhibited high agreement with the RT simulations. The MAPD averaged 0.420% across the eight bands, ranging from 0.218% to 0.497%. Overall, the radiometric calibration utilizing near-space represents a significant innovation method for satellite-borne ocean color sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiance%22">Radiance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calibration%22">Calibration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiative+transfer%22">Radiative transfer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aerosols%22">Aerosols</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing+devices%22">Remote sensing devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+properties%22">Optical properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Machine+learning%22">Machine learning</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? Radiative transfer simulations revealed that in most non-glint contaminated observation areas, the contribution of atmospheric upwelling radiance above scientific balloon platforms to the total radiance (Lt) at the TOA exceeded 2%, demonstrating that this path radiance cannot be neglected in near-space radiometric calibration. The study established a transformability from near-space radiance to Lt using a multilayer perceptron model, achieving a mean absolute percentage deviation not exceeding 0.5%, which verifies the feasibility and high accuracy of near-space radiometric calibration. What are the implications of the main findings? This research confirms that near-space radiometric calibration platforms offer greater flexibility and lower sensitivity to variations in inherent optical properties compared to traditional vicarious calibration, making them a significant complementary approach for calibrating satellite ocean color sensors, especially in waters with low chlorophyll or dominated by non-algal particles. The near-space radiometric calibration highlights its sensitivity to aerosol vertical distribution and demonstrates the potential to reduce error propagation from the platform to the satellite under high aerosol conditions, providing a theoretical basis for developing more robust calibration schemes that are less affected by the lower atmosphere. Using the near-space platform to conduct radiometric calibrations of ocean color sensors is a promising method for refining calibration precision, but there is knowledge gap about the radiance contributions above near-space over the open ocean. We used the radiative transfer (RT) model (PCOART) to assess the contributions (LR) of the upwelling radiance received at the near-space balloons to the total radiance (Lt) measured at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The results indicated that the LR displayed distinct geometric dependencies with exceeding 2% across most observation geometries. Moreover, the LR increased with wavelengths under the various solar zenith angles, and the LR values fell below 1% only for the two near-infrared bands. Additionally, the influences of variations in oceanic constituents on LR were negligible across various azimuth angles and spectral bands, except in nonalgal particle (NAP)-dominated waters. Furthermore, the influences of aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) and atmospheric vertical distributions on LR were examined. Outside glint-contaminated areas, the atmosphere-associated LR variations could exceed 2% but declined substantially as AOTs increased under most observation geometries. The mean height of the vertically inhomogeneous layer (hm) significantly influenced LR, and the differences in Lt could exceed 5% when comparing atmospheric vertical distributions following homogeneous versus Gaussian-like distributions. Finally, the transformability from near-space radiance to Lt was examined based on a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) model, which exhibited high agreement with the RT simulations. The MAPD averaged 0.420% across the eight bands, ranging from 0.218% to 0.497%. Overall, the radiometric calibration utilizing near-space represents a significant innovation method for satellite-borne ocean color sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18020337
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 25
        StartPage: 337
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Radiance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calibration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radiative transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aerosols
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Machine learning
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Assessing Radiance Contributions Above Near-Space over the Ocean Using Radiative Transfer Simulation.
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            NameFull: Li, Chunxia
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              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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