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Influence of the Synergistic System of Carbon-Based Fillers with Melamine Polyphosphate on the Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Flexible Polyurethane Foams.

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Title: Influence of the Synergistic System of Carbon-Based Fillers with Melamine Polyphosphate on the Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Flexible Polyurethane Foams.
Authors: Głowacki, Arkadiusz1 (AUTHOR), Rybiński, Przemysław1,2 (AUTHOR), Żukowski, Witold2,3 (AUTHOR), Zawierucha, Anna1,4 (AUTHOR), Mirkhodjaev, Ulugbek Zakirovich1,3 (AUTHOR), Żelezik, Monika2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jan2026, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p267. 36p.
Subjects: Urethane foam, Graphene, Fire risk assessment, Thermal properties, Filler materials, Fireproofing agents, Carbon nanotubes
Abstract: In the article we investigated the effectiveness of a synergistic system designed to reduce the fire hazard of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams. The examined system consisted of a carbon-based filler graphene (G), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or expanded graphite (EG) combined with melamine polyphosphate (MPP). The investigated polyurethane foams (PUR) were synthesized at room temperature via a polycondensation reaction between a polyol and an isocyanate, with an OH: NCO molar ratio of 2:1. Both the carbon fillers and melamine polyphosphate were homogeneously dispersed within the polyol component. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, and microcalorimetry were used to evaluate the influence of the fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of the PUR foams. The toxicity of the gaseous products was assessed using a coupled TG-gas analysis system, while the optical density of the evolved gases was determined using a Smoke Density Chamber (SDC). The obtained results demonstrated that the applied synergistic carbon-phosphorus filler system significantly reduced the fire hazard of the tested PUR foams. In particular, the EG5-MPP system enabled the formation of self-extinguishing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191174501
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Influence of the Synergistic System of Carbon-Based Fillers with Melamine Polyphosphate on the Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Flexible Polyurethane Foams.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Głowacki%2C+Arkadiusz%22">Głowacki, Arkadiusz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rybiński%2C+Przemysław%22">Rybiński, Przemysław</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Żukowski%2C+Witold%22">Żukowski, Witold</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zawierucha%2C+Anna%22">Zawierucha, Anna</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mirkhodjaev%2C+Ulugbek+Zakirovich%22">Mirkhodjaev, Ulugbek Zakirovich</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Żelezik%2C+Monika%22">Żelezik, Monika</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jan2026, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p267. 36p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urethane+foam%22">Urethane foam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene%22">Graphene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+risk+assessment%22">Fire risk assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Filler+materials%22">Filler materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+nanotubes%22">Carbon nanotubes</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In the article we investigated the effectiveness of a synergistic system designed to reduce the fire hazard of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams. The examined system consisted of a carbon-based filler graphene (G), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or expanded graphite (EG) combined with melamine polyphosphate (MPP). The investigated polyurethane foams (PUR) were synthesized at room temperature via a polycondensation reaction between a polyol and an isocyanate, with an OH: NCO molar ratio of 2:1. Both the carbon fillers and melamine polyphosphate were homogeneously dispersed within the polyol component. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, and microcalorimetry were used to evaluate the influence of the fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of the PUR foams. The toxicity of the gaseous products was assessed using a coupled TG-gas analysis system, while the optical density of the evolved gases was determined using a Smoke Density Chamber (SDC). The obtained results demonstrated that the applied synergistic carbon-phosphorus filler system significantly reduced the fire hazard of the tested PUR foams. In particular, the EG5-MPP system enabled the formation of self-extinguishing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19020267
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 36
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      – SubjectFull: Urethane foam
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphene
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fire risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Filler materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon nanotubes
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Influence of the Synergistic System of Carbon-Based Fillers with Melamine Polyphosphate on the Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Flexible Polyurethane Foams.
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            NameFull: Głowacki, Arkadiusz
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            NameFull: Rybiński, Przemysław
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            NameFull: Żukowski, Witold
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            NameFull: Zawierucha, Anna
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            NameFull: Mirkhodjaev, Ulugbek Zakirovich
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            – D: 15
              M: 01
              Text: Jan2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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