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The Effect of Voxel Volume and Voxel Shape on Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics.

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Title: The Effect of Voxel Volume and Voxel Shape on Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics.
Authors: Hannum, Ariel J.1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR) ahannum@stanford.edu, Cork, Tyler E.1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR), Setsompop, Kawin1,5 (AUTHOR), Ennis, Daniel B.1,2,3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Apr2026, Vol. 95 Issue 4, p2063-2077. 15p.
Subjects: Diffusion tensor imaging, Signal-to-noise ratio, Anisotropy, Volume (Cubic content), Diffusion coefficients, Physiology, TOPSIS method
Abstract: Purpose: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐limited due to diffusion signal attenuation, long echo times from gradient moment nulling, and moderate myocardial T 2$$ {}_2 $$. Increasing voxel volume improves SNR but reduces spatial sensitivity and introduces physiological bias. This work aimed to identify the voxel configuration (volume and shape) yielding the most precise cDTI metrics. Methods: Spin‐echo cDTI protocols spanning nine voxel volumes were evaluated in healthy subjects (N = 11) at 3T. A gel phantom was scanned to compare SNR in a non‐physiologic environment. Temporal SNR and regression fits were computed. Mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), bootstrapped uncertainties (dMD$$ dMD $$, dFA$$ dFA $$), Helix angle pitch (HAP), and the primary eigenvector's uncertainty (de→1$$ d{\overrightarrow{e}}_1 $$) were then calculated, and significant (p<0.05$$ p<0.05 $$) differences were assessed. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) ranked configurations by uncertainties. Results: Phantom SNR trends corresponded to theory, with consistent SNR increases. In vivo SNR increases differed between in‐plane resolutions, in which 2×2$$ 2\times 2 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$ in‐plane resolutions had the steepest slope. Higher in‐plane resolutions (2×2$$ 2\times 2 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$) yielded lower MD than lower resolutions (3×3$$ 3\times 3 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$). Higher in‐plane resolutions with thicker slices produced higher FA (2×2×8$$ 2\times 2\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$). HAP was steepest at moderate voxel sizes (2.5×2.5×5$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 5 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$). All uncertainties decreased with 8 mm slices. TOPSIS ranked 2.5×2.5×8$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$ highest (0.91), then 2.0×2.0×8$$ 2.0\times 2.0\times 8 $$ (0.83). Conclusion: In vivo differences in SNR slopes suggest a physiological bias‐dominated environment. The 2.5×2.5×8$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$ voxel configuration had the lowest uncertainties (highest TOPSIS score), followed by 2.0×2.0×8$$ 2.0\times 2.0\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$. This work provides a framework for evaluating the best cDTI voxel configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: The Effect of Voxel Volume and Voxel Shape on Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hannum%2C+Ariel+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Hannum, Ariel J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3,4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; ahannum@stanford.edu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Cork%2C+Tyler+E%2E%22&quot;&gt;Cork, Tyler E.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3,4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Setsompop%2C+Kawin%22&quot;&gt;Setsompop, Kawin&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ennis%2C+Daniel+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Ennis, Daniel B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3,4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Magnetic+Resonance+in+Medicine%22&quot;&gt;Magnetic Resonance in Medicine&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Apr2026, Vol. 95 Issue 4, p2063-2077. 15p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Diffusion+tensor+imaging%22&quot;&gt;Diffusion tensor imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Signal-to-noise+ratio%22&quot;&gt;Signal-to-noise ratio&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Anisotropy%22&quot;&gt;Anisotropy&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Volume+%28Cubic+content%29%22&quot;&gt;Volume (Cubic content)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Diffusion+coefficients%22&quot;&gt;Diffusion coefficients&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Physiology%22&quot;&gt;Physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22TOPSIS+method%22&quot;&gt;TOPSIS method&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐limited due to diffusion signal attenuation, long echo times from gradient moment nulling, and moderate myocardial T 2$$ {}_2 $$. Increasing voxel volume improves SNR but reduces spatial sensitivity and introduces physiological bias. This work aimed to identify the voxel configuration (volume and shape) yielding the most precise cDTI metrics. Methods: Spin‐echo cDTI protocols spanning nine voxel volumes were evaluated in healthy subjects (N = 11) at 3T. A gel phantom was scanned to compare SNR in a non‐physiologic environment. Temporal SNR and regression fits were computed. Mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), bootstrapped uncertainties (dMD$$ dMD $$, dFA$$ dFA $$), Helix angle pitch (HAP), and the primary eigenvector&#39;s uncertainty (de→1$$ d{\overrightarrow{e}}_1 $$) were then calculated, and significant (p&lt;0.05$$ p&lt;0.05 $$) differences were assessed. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) ranked configurations by uncertainties. Results: Phantom SNR trends corresponded to theory, with consistent SNR increases. In vivo SNR increases differed between in‐plane resolutions, in which 2&#215;2$$ 2\times 2 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$ in‐plane resolutions had the steepest slope. Higher in‐plane resolutions (2&#215;2$$ 2\times 2 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$) yielded lower MD than lower resolutions (3&#215;3$$ 3\times 3 $$ mm 2$$ {}^2 $$). Higher in‐plane resolutions with thicker slices produced higher FA (2&#215;2&#215;8$$ 2\times 2\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$). HAP was steepest at moderate voxel sizes (2.5&#215;2.5&#215;5$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 5 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$). All uncertainties decreased with 8 mm slices. TOPSIS ranked 2.5&#215;2.5&#215;8$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$ highest (0.91), then 2.0&#215;2.0&#215;8$$ 2.0\times 2.0\times 8 $$ (0.83). Conclusion: In vivo differences in SNR slopes suggest a physiological bias‐dominated environment. The 2.5&#215;2.5&#215;8$$ 2.5\times 2.5\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$ voxel configuration had the lowest uncertainties (highest TOPSIS score), followed by 2.0&#215;2.0&#215;8$$ 2.0\times 2.0\times 8 $$ mm 3$$ {}^3 $$. This work provides a framework for evaluating the best cDTI voxel configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mrm.70189
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 2063
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Diffusion tensor imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal-to-noise ratio
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anisotropy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Volume (Cubic content)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diffusion coefficients
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: TOPSIS method
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Effect of Voxel Volume and Voxel Shape on Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics.
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            NameFull: Hannum, Ariel J.
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            NameFull: Cork, Tyler E.
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            NameFull: Setsompop, Kawin
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
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