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Identifying Out‐of‐Voxel Echoes in Edited MRS With Phase Cycle Inversion.

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Title: Identifying Out‐of‐Voxel Echoes in Edited MRS With Phase Cycle Inversion.
Authors: Shams, Zahra1 (AUTHOR), Gad, Abdelrahman1 (AUTHOR), Gudmundson, Aaron T.2 (AUTHOR), Murali‐Manohar, Saipavitra1 (AUTHOR), Davies‐Jenkins, Christopher W.1 (AUTHOR), Simegn, Gizeaddis L.1 (AUTHOR), Simicic, Dunja1 (AUTHOR), Song, Yulu1 (AUTHOR), Yedavalli, Vivek1 (AUTHOR), Zöllner, Helge J.1 (AUTHOR), Oeltzschner, Georg1 (AUTHOR), Senapati, Dillip K.1 (AUTHOR), Schnitzler, Alfons3 (AUTHOR), Barker, Peter B.1,4 (AUTHOR), Edden, Richard A. E.1,4 (AUTHOR) raee2@jhu.edu
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Apr2026, Vol. 95 Issue 4, p1921-1933. 13p.
Subjects: Phase coding, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Signal processing, In vivo studies
Abstract: Purpose: To identify the origin of out‐of‐voxel (OOV) signals based on the coherence transfer pathway (CTP) formalism using signal phase conferred by the acquisition phase cycling scheme. Knowing the CTP driving OOV artifacts enables optimization of crusher gradients to improve their suppression. Theory and Methods: A phase cycle systematically changes the phase of RF pulses across the transients of an experiment, encoding phase shifts into the data that can be used to suppress unwanted CTPs. We present a new approach, phase cycle inversion (PCI), which removes the receiver phase originally applied to the stored transients, replacing it with new receiver phases, matching the phase evolutions associated with each unwanted CTP, to identify the OOV signals. We demonstrated the efficacy of PCI using the MEGA‐edited PRESS sequence in simulations, phantom and in vivo experiments at 3T, and for short echo time STEAM at 7T. Based on these findings, the crusher gradient scheme was optimized for a MEGA‐edited PRESS sequence. Results: The simulation results demonstrated that PCI can fully separate signals originating from different CTPs using a complete phase cycling scheme. PCI effectively identified the CTP responsible for OOV signals in phantom experiments and in vivo, though with reduced specificity in vivo due to phase instabilities. Re‐optimization of the gradient scheme based on the identified OOV‐associated CTP to suppress these signals, resulted in cleaner spectra. Conclusion: PCI can be broadly applied across pulse sequences and voxel locations, making it a flexible and generalizable approach for diagnosing the CTP origin of OOV signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191184147
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Identifying Out‐of‐Voxel Echoes in Edited MRS With Phase Cycle Inversion.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shams%2C+Zahra%22">Shams, Zahra</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gad%2C+Abdelrahman%22">Gad, Abdelrahman</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gudmundson%2C+Aaron+T%2E%22">Gudmundson, Aaron T.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Murali‐Manohar%2C+Saipavitra%22">Murali‐Manohar, Saipavitra</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Davies‐Jenkins%2C+Christopher+W%2E%22">Davies‐Jenkins, Christopher W.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Simegn%2C+Gizeaddis+L%2E%22">Simegn, Gizeaddis L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Simicic%2C+Dunja%22">Simicic, Dunja</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Yulu%22">Song, Yulu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yedavalli%2C+Vivek%22">Yedavalli, Vivek</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zöllner%2C+Helge+J%2E%22">Zöllner, Helge J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oeltzschner%2C+Georg%22">Oeltzschner, Georg</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Senapati%2C+Dillip+K%2E%22">Senapati, Dillip K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schnitzler%2C+Alfons%22">Schnitzler, Alfons</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barker%2C+Peter+B%2E%22">Barker, Peter B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Edden%2C+Richard+A%2E+E%2E%22">Edden, Richard A. E.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> raee2@jhu.edu</i>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: To identify the origin of out‐of‐voxel (OOV) signals based on the coherence transfer pathway (CTP) formalism using signal phase conferred by the acquisition phase cycling scheme. Knowing the CTP driving OOV artifacts enables optimization of crusher gradients to improve their suppression. Theory and Methods: A phase cycle systematically changes the phase of RF pulses across the transients of an experiment, encoding phase shifts into the data that can be used to suppress unwanted CTPs. We present a new approach, phase cycle inversion (PCI), which removes the receiver phase originally applied to the stored transients, replacing it with new receiver phases, matching the phase evolutions associated with each unwanted CTP, to identify the OOV signals. We demonstrated the efficacy of PCI using the MEGA‐edited PRESS sequence in simulations, phantom and in vivo experiments at 3T, and for short echo time STEAM at 7T. Based on these findings, the crusher gradient scheme was optimized for a MEGA‐edited PRESS sequence. Results: The simulation results demonstrated that PCI can fully separate signals originating from different CTPs using a complete phase cycling scheme. PCI effectively identified the CTP responsible for OOV signals in phantom experiments and in vivo, though with reduced specificity in vivo due to phase instabilities. Re‐optimization of the gradient scheme based on the identified OOV‐associated CTP to suppress these signals, resulted in cleaner spectra. Conclusion: PCI can be broadly applied across pulse sequences and voxel locations, making it a flexible and generalizable approach for diagnosing the CTP origin of OOV signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mrm.70211
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
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      – SubjectFull: In vivo studies
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      – TitleFull: Identifying Out‐of‐Voxel Echoes in Edited MRS With Phase Cycle Inversion.
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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