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Low-cost inkjet-printed t-type coplanar waveguide sensor for high-dielectric liquid sensing applications.

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Title: Low-cost inkjet-printed t-type coplanar waveguide sensor for high-dielectric liquid sensing applications.
Authors: Hassan, Arshad1 (AUTHOR) mukhan@hbku.edu.qa, Ali, Shawkat1 (AUTHOR), Khan, Arshad1 (AUTHOR), Bermak, Amine1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Analog Integrated Circuits & Signal Processing. Feb2026, Vol. 126 Issue 2, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: Coplanar waveguides, Silver nanoparticles, Ink-jet printers, Fabrication (Manufacturing), Computational electromagnetics
Abstract: This paper presents a T-type contact coplanar waveguide (CPW) radio frequency (RF) sensor designed for the detection of liquids with high dielectric constants, ranging from 63 to 104. The resonant frequency of the CPW structure is highly sensitive to both its geometric configuration and the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium, making it particularly suitable for liquid sensing applications. Using high-frequency electromagnetic simulations, the sensor was first optimized for a specific water sample and subsequently adapted for a broader range of high-dielectric liquids. The resulting resonance frequency shift among different liquid samples ranged from a minimum of 10 MHz to a maximum of 280 MHz, demonstrating significant sensitivity. To validate the simulation results, the sensor was fabricated using a direct deposition technique, employing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based ink printed onto a transparent polyethylene terephthalate substrate. This fabrication approach enables low-cost, scalable, and environmentally friendly production. Surface characterization confirmed uniform and smooth deposition of the conductive AgNP layer with ~ 450 nm thickness. Experimental testing further verified that the resonance frequency shifted predictably in response to each tested liquid, aligning closely with the simulated outcomes. This work demonstrates that the proposed T-type CPW RF sensor is a promising for liquid detection, offering potential applications in areas such as quality control, process monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics. The integration of simulation-driven design and additive manufacturing indicates the feasibility of deploying such sensors in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Analog Integrated Circuits & Signal Processing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191252965
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  Data: Low-cost inkjet-printed t-type coplanar waveguide sensor for high-dielectric liquid sensing applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Analog+Integrated+Circuits+%26+Signal+Processing%22">Analog Integrated Circuits & Signal Processing</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 126 Issue 2, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coplanar+waveguides%22">Coplanar waveguides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silver+nanoparticles%22">Silver nanoparticles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ink-jet+printers%22">Ink-jet printers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fabrication+%28Manufacturing%29%22">Fabrication (Manufacturing)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computational+electromagnetics%22">Computational electromagnetics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: This paper presents a T-type contact coplanar waveguide (CPW) radio frequency (RF) sensor designed for the detection of liquids with high dielectric constants, ranging from 63 to 104. The resonant frequency of the CPW structure is highly sensitive to both its geometric configuration and the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium, making it particularly suitable for liquid sensing applications. Using high-frequency electromagnetic simulations, the sensor was first optimized for a specific water sample and subsequently adapted for a broader range of high-dielectric liquids. The resulting resonance frequency shift among different liquid samples ranged from a minimum of 10 MHz to a maximum of 280 MHz, demonstrating significant sensitivity. To validate the simulation results, the sensor was fabricated using a direct deposition technique, employing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based ink printed onto a transparent polyethylene terephthalate substrate. This fabrication approach enables low-cost, scalable, and environmentally friendly production. Surface characterization confirmed uniform and smooth deposition of the conductive AgNP layer with ~ 450 nm thickness. Experimental testing further verified that the resonance frequency shifted predictably in response to each tested liquid, aligning closely with the simulated outcomes. This work demonstrates that the proposed T-type CPW RF sensor is a promising for liquid detection, offering potential applications in areas such as quality control, process monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics. The integration of simulation-driven design and additive manufacturing indicates the feasibility of deploying such sensors in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Analog Integrated Circuits & Signal Processing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10470-026-02559-5
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silver nanoparticles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ink-jet printers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fabrication (Manufacturing)
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      – SubjectFull: Computational electromagnetics
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            NameFull: Hassan, Arshad
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            NameFull: Ali, Shawkat
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            NameFull: Khan, Arshad
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              Text: Feb2026
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              Y: 2026
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