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Compositional Effects of the Structure and Properties of 3D Printed Stratified rPET/rPETG Shape Memory Composites.

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Title: Compositional Effects of the Structure and Properties of 3D Printed Stratified rPET/rPETG Shape Memory Composites.
Authors: Sava, Ștefan Dumitru1 (AUTHOR), Ermolai, Vasile2 (AUTHOR), Pricop, Bogdan1,3 (AUTHOR), Comăneci, Radu-Ioachim1 (AUTHOR), Munteanu, Corneliu2,3 (AUTHOR), Lohan, Nicoleta-Monica1,3 (AUTHOR), Axinte, Mihai1 (AUTHOR), Bujoreanu, Leandru-Gheorghe1 (AUTHOR) leandru-gheorghe.bujoreanu@academic.tuiasi.ro
Source: Polymers (20734360). Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p370. 16p.
Subjects: Shape memory effect, Polyethylene terephthalate, Scanning electron microscopy, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Composite materials, Differential scanning calorimetry, Three-dimensional printing, Mechanical behavior of materials
Abstract: The paper continues the authors' efforts to characterize and control the shape memory effect (SME) occurring in 3D printed specimens of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (rPETG). Lamellar and "dog-bone" configuration specimens were 3D printed in the form of stratified composites with five different rPET/rPETG ratios, 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, and 0:100, and two different angles between the specimen's axis and the deposition direction, 0° and 45°. The lamellar specimens were used for: (i) free-recovery SME-investigating experiments, which monitored the variation of the displacement, of the free end of specimens which were bent at room temperature (RT), vs. temperature, during heating, (ii) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which emphasized heat flow variation vs. temperature, during glass transition and (iii) dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), which recorded storage modulus vs. temperature in the glass transition interval. Dog-bone specimens were subjected to tensile failure and loading-unloading tests, performed at RT. The broken gauges were metallized with an Au layer and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the specimens printed with 0° raster developed larger free-recovery SME strokes, the largest one corresponding to the specimen with rPET/rPETG = 40:60, which experienced the highest storage modulus increase, 872 MPa, and maximum value, 1818 MPa, during heating. The straight lamellar composite specimens experienced a supplementary shape recovery when bent at RT and heated, in such a way that their upper surface became concave, at the end of heating. Most of the specimens 3D printed at 0° raster developed stress failure plateaus, which were associated with the formation of delamination areas on SEM fractographs, while the specimens printed with 45° raster angle experienced necking failures, associated with the formation of crazing areas. The results suggested that 3D printed stratified rPET-rPETG composites, with dedicated spatial configurations, have the potential to serve as executive elements of light actuators for low-temperature operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Compositional Effects of the Structure and Properties of 3D Printed Stratified rPET/rPETG Shape Memory Composites.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sava%2C+Ștefan+Dumitru%22">Sava, Ștefan Dumitru</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ermolai%2C+Vasile%22">Ermolai, Vasile</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pricop%2C+Bogdan%22">Pricop, Bogdan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Comăneci%2C+Radu-Ioachim%22">Comăneci, Radu-Ioachim</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Munteanu%2C+Corneliu%22">Munteanu, Corneliu</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lohan%2C+Nicoleta-Monica%22">Lohan, Nicoleta-Monica</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Axinte%2C+Mihai%22">Axinte, Mihai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bujoreanu%2C+Leandru-Gheorghe%22">Bujoreanu, Leandru-Gheorghe</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> leandru-gheorghe.bujoreanu@academic.tuiasi.ro</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p370. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shape+memory+effect%22">Shape memory effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyethylene+terephthalate%22">Polyethylene terephthalate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scanning+electron+microscopy%22">Scanning electron microscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dynamic+mechanical+analysis%22">Dynamic mechanical analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+materials%22">Composite materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Differential+scanning+calorimetry%22">Differential scanning calorimetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The paper continues the authors' efforts to characterize and control the shape memory effect (SME) occurring in 3D printed specimens of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (rPETG). Lamellar and "dog-bone" configuration specimens were 3D printed in the form of stratified composites with five different rPET/rPETG ratios, 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, and 0:100, and two different angles between the specimen's axis and the deposition direction, 0° and 45°. The lamellar specimens were used for: (i) free-recovery SME-investigating experiments, which monitored the variation of the displacement, of the free end of specimens which were bent at room temperature (RT), vs. temperature, during heating, (ii) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which emphasized heat flow variation vs. temperature, during glass transition and (iii) dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), which recorded storage modulus vs. temperature in the glass transition interval. Dog-bone specimens were subjected to tensile failure and loading-unloading tests, performed at RT. The broken gauges were metallized with an Au layer and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the specimens printed with 0° raster developed larger free-recovery SME strokes, the largest one corresponding to the specimen with rPET/rPETG = 40:60, which experienced the highest storage modulus increase, 872 MPa, and maximum value, 1818 MPa, during heating. The straight lamellar composite specimens experienced a supplementary shape recovery when bent at RT and heated, in such a way that their upper surface became concave, at the end of heating. Most of the specimens 3D printed at 0° raster developed stress failure plateaus, which were associated with the formation of delamination areas on SEM fractographs, while the specimens printed with 45° raster angle experienced necking failures, associated with the formation of crazing areas. The results suggested that 3D printed stratified rPET-rPETG composites, with dedicated spatial configurations, have the potential to serve as executive elements of light actuators for low-temperature operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18030370
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 370
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Shape memory effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyethylene terephthalate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scanning electron microscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dynamic mechanical analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Composite materials
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      – SubjectFull: Differential scanning calorimetry
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      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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      – TitleFull: Compositional Effects of the Structure and Properties of 3D Printed Stratified rPET/rPETG Shape Memory Composites.
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            NameFull: Sava, Ștefan Dumitru
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              Text: Feb2026
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              Y: 2026
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