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An Enhanced Voxel-by-Voxel Filament Extrusion-Based Method for Realistic Radiological Phantoms: A Breast Phantom Case.

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Title: An Enhanced Voxel-by-Voxel Filament Extrusion-Based Method for Realistic Radiological Phantoms: A Breast Phantom Case.
Authors: Okkalidis, Nikiforos1,2 (AUTHOR), Giakoumettis, Georgios1,2 (AUTHOR), Bliznakova, Kristina3 (AUTHOR) kristina.bliznakova@mu-varna.bg, Dukov, Nikolay3,4 (AUTHOR), Bliznakov, Zhivko1,3 (AUTHOR), Plataniotis, Georgios2,4 (AUTHOR), Bamidis, Panagiotis1,3 (AUTHOR), Papanastasiou, Emmanouil1,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p395. 18p.
Subjects: Fused deposition modeling, Extrusion process, Imaging phantoms, Diagnostic imaging, Three-dimensional printing, Breast imaging
Abstract: This study introduces a novel enhanced voxel-by-voxel fused filament fabrication approach utilizing a custom 3D printer. The key innovation is the simultaneous, real-time manipulation of both filament flow and printing speed per voxel. By adjusting the printing speed proportionally to the extrusion rate, the method ensures sufficient time for precise material deposition, effectively countering under-extrusion effects and significantly improving the process's responsiveness and accuracy. The method was validated through a calibration process and in the fabrication of a breast phantom derived from a patient's MRI data. Calibration demonstrated a strong linear correlation between HUs, extrusion rate, and speed, with a coefficient of R = 0.99. CT scans of the phantom confirmed consistent replication of the expected HU distribution and anatomical features, visually demonstrating high correlation with the original patient images. The dual-parameter control strategy successfully enhances the fidelity of soft tissue phantoms fabrication. Future work will focus on adapting the method for high-speed printing and multi-material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: An Enhanced Voxel-by-Voxel Filament Extrusion-Based Method for Realistic Radiological Phantoms: A Breast Phantom Case.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p395. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fused+deposition+modeling%22">Fused deposition modeling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Extrusion+process%22">Extrusion process</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Imaging+phantoms%22">Imaging phantoms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diagnostic+imaging%22">Diagnostic imaging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Breast+imaging%22">Breast imaging</searchLink>
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  Data: This study introduces a novel enhanced voxel-by-voxel fused filament fabrication approach utilizing a custom 3D printer. The key innovation is the simultaneous, real-time manipulation of both filament flow and printing speed per voxel. By adjusting the printing speed proportionally to the extrusion rate, the method ensures sufficient time for precise material deposition, effectively countering under-extrusion effects and significantly improving the process's responsiveness and accuracy. The method was validated through a calibration process and in the fabrication of a breast phantom derived from a patient's MRI data. Calibration demonstrated a strong linear correlation between HUs, extrusion rate, and speed, with a coefficient of R = 0.99. CT scans of the phantom confirmed consistent replication of the expected HU distribution and anatomical features, visually demonstrating high correlation with the original patient images. The dual-parameter control strategy successfully enhances the fidelity of soft tissue phantoms fabrication. Future work will focus on adapting the method for high-speed printing and multi-material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18030395
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      – SubjectFull: Fused deposition modeling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Extrusion process
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Imaging phantoms
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      – SubjectFull: Diagnostic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Breast imaging
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: An Enhanced Voxel-by-Voxel Filament Extrusion-Based Method for Realistic Radiological Phantoms: A Breast Phantom Case.
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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