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Performance of a High-Molecular-Weight AM/AA Copolymer in a CO 2 –Water Polymer Hybrid Fracturing Fluid Under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions.

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Title: Performance of a High-Molecular-Weight AM/AA Copolymer in a CO 2 –Water Polymer Hybrid Fracturing Fluid Under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions.
Authors: Chen, Tengfei1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Zhou, Shutao2,3 (AUTHOR), Yao, Tingwei2,3 (AUTHOR), Fu, Meilong1 (AUTHOR) 202071283@yangtzeu.edu.cn, Wen, Zhigang1,2 (AUTHOR), Shen, Quanhuai1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 3, p418. 23p.
Subjects: Fracturing fluids, Polyacrylic acid, High temperatures, Shear rate dependent viscosity, Properties of fluids, Fluid dynamics, Phase equilibrium, Hydraulic fracturing
Abstract: To reduce water consumption and potential formation damage associated with conventional water-based fracturing fluids while improving the proppant-carrying and flow adaptability of CO2-based systems without relying on specialized CO2 thickeners, a CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid was developed using an AM/AA copolymer (poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), P(AM-co-AA)) as the thickening agent for the aqueous phase. Systematic experimental investigations were conducted under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Fluid-loss tests at different CO2 volume fractions show that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid system achieves a favorable balance between low fluid loss and structural continuity within the range of 30–50% CO2, with the most stable fluid-loss behavior observed at 40% CO2. Based on this ratio window, static proppant-carrying experiments indicate controllable settling behavior over a temperature range of 20–80 °C, leading to the selection of 60% polymer-based aqueous phase + 40% CO2 as the optimal mixing ratio. Rheological results demonstrate pronounced shear-thinning behavior across a wide thermo-pressure range, with viscosity decreasing systematically with increasing shear rate and temperature while maintaining continuous and reproducible flow responses. Pipe-flow tests further reveal that flow resistance decreases monotonically with increasing flow velocity and temperature, indicating stable transport characteristics. Phase visualization observations show that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid system exhibits a uniform milky dispersed appearance under moderate temperature or elevated pressure, whereas bubble-dominated structures and spatial phase separation gradually emerge under high-temperature and relatively low-pressure static conditions, highlighting the sensitivity of phase stability to thermo-pressure conditions. True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments confirm that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid enables stable fracture initiation and sustained propagation under complex stress conditions. Overall, the results demonstrate that the AM/AA copolymer-based aqueous phase can provide effective viscosity support, proppant-carrying capacity, and flow adaptability for CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid over a wide thermo-pressure range, confirming the feasibility of this approach without the use of specialized CO2 thickeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Performance of a High-Molecular-Weight AM/AA Copolymer in a CO 2 –Water Polymer Hybrid Fracturing Fluid Under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: To reduce water consumption and potential formation damage associated with conventional water-based fracturing fluids while improving the proppant-carrying and flow adaptability of CO2-based systems without relying on specialized CO2 thickeners, a CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid was developed using an AM/AA copolymer (poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), P(AM-co-AA)) as the thickening agent for the aqueous phase. Systematic experimental investigations were conducted under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Fluid-loss tests at different CO2 volume fractions show that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid system achieves a favorable balance between low fluid loss and structural continuity within the range of 30–50% CO2, with the most stable fluid-loss behavior observed at 40% CO2. Based on this ratio window, static proppant-carrying experiments indicate controllable settling behavior over a temperature range of 20–80 °C, leading to the selection of 60% polymer-based aqueous phase + 40% CO2 as the optimal mixing ratio. Rheological results demonstrate pronounced shear-thinning behavior across a wide thermo-pressure range, with viscosity decreasing systematically with increasing shear rate and temperature while maintaining continuous and reproducible flow responses. Pipe-flow tests further reveal that flow resistance decreases monotonically with increasing flow velocity and temperature, indicating stable transport characteristics. Phase visualization observations show that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid system exhibits a uniform milky dispersed appearance under moderate temperature or elevated pressure, whereas bubble-dominated structures and spatial phase separation gradually emerge under high-temperature and relatively low-pressure static conditions, highlighting the sensitivity of phase stability to thermo-pressure conditions. True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments confirm that the CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid enables stable fracture initiation and sustained propagation under complex stress conditions. Overall, the results demonstrate that the AM/AA copolymer-based aqueous phase can provide effective viscosity support, proppant-carrying capacity, and flow adaptability for CO2–water polymer hybrid fracturing fluid over a wide thermo-pressure range, confirming the feasibility of this approach without the use of specialized CO2 thickeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18030418
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 418
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fracturing fluids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyacrylic acid
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High temperatures
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear rate dependent viscosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Properties of fluids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Phase equilibrium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydraulic fracturing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Performance of a High-Molecular-Weight AM/AA Copolymer in a CO 2 –Water Polymer Hybrid Fracturing Fluid Under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions.
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            NameFull: Chen, Tengfei
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            NameFull: Zhou, Shutao
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            NameFull: Yao, Tingwei
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            NameFull: Fu, Meilong
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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