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NH 4 F and VO (Acac) 2 Tuning of Hexagram-Shaped Co 3 O 4 Morphology for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.

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Title: NH 4 F and VO (Acac) 2 Tuning of Hexagram-Shaped Co 3 O 4 Morphology for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.
Authors: Yang, Huanping1 (AUTHOR) hpyang@zust.edu.cn, Zhang, Zhiguo1,2 (AUTHOR), Fang, Ziming1,3 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Yutian3,4 (AUTHOR), Xiong, Bitao1 (AUTHOR), Lang, Xiaoli1,2 (AUTHOR), Shen, Yanting1,3 (AUTHOR), Li, Xing'ao1,4 (AUTHOR), Wang, Yan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Feb2026, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p162. 14p.
Subjects: Supercapacitor electrodes, Ammonium fluoride, Nanostructured materials, Kirkendall effect, Supercapacitor performance
Abstract: In this work, by employing NH4F as a structure-directing agent (SDA) and VO(acac)2, we have manipulated the morphology of Co3O4, leading to the creation of a novel hexagram-like structure with exceptional evenness in distribution. To comprehend the growth mechanism and elucidate the functions of various agents involved, experiments were conducted under diverse conditions with varying reagent ratios. The results indicate that, under the influence of NH4F as the structure-directing agent (SDA), the hexagram-shaped Co3O4 structure exhibits sensitivity to both reaction time and temperature, implying that its growth mechanism is regulated by the Kirkendall effect and involves partial cation exchange. Additionally, with alteration of reagent ratios, Co3O4 with ball-flower morphology was synthesized successfully. Through cross-section SEM examination, the observed growth mechanisms for both the hexagram and ball-flower structures were substantiated. Lastly, electrochemical performance tests of the hexagram and ball-flower structures on SC electrode were carried out, and specific capacitances were 452 C/g (1062 F/g) and 696 C/g (1339 F/g), respectively. The hexagram-shaped Co3O4 structure displays exceptional SC electrode material characteristics, retaining an outstanding capacitance of 93.1% even after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its superior cycle performance. This paper hopes to inspire further SC electrode materials studies based on its novel morphology modulation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: NH 4 F and VO (Acac) 2 Tuning of Hexagram-Shaped Co 3 O 4 Morphology for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Huanping%22">Yang, Huanping</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hpyang@zust.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Zhiguo%22">Zhang, Zhiguo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fang%2C+Ziming%22">Fang, Ziming</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Yutian%22">Zhao, Yutian</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiong%2C+Bitao%22">Xiong, Bitao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lang%2C+Xiaoli%22">Lang, Xiaoli</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Yanting%22">Shen, Yanting</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xing'ao%22">Li, Xing'ao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Yan%22">Wang, Yan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p162. 14p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Supercapacitor+electrodes%22">Supercapacitor electrodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ammonium+fluoride%22">Ammonium fluoride</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanostructured+materials%22">Nanostructured materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kirkendall+effect%22">Kirkendall effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Supercapacitor+performance%22">Supercapacitor performance</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this work, by employing NH4F as a structure-directing agent (SDA) and VO(acac)2, we have manipulated the morphology of Co3O4, leading to the creation of a novel hexagram-like structure with exceptional evenness in distribution. To comprehend the growth mechanism and elucidate the functions of various agents involved, experiments were conducted under diverse conditions with varying reagent ratios. The results indicate that, under the influence of NH4F as the structure-directing agent (SDA), the hexagram-shaped Co3O4 structure exhibits sensitivity to both reaction time and temperature, implying that its growth mechanism is regulated by the Kirkendall effect and involves partial cation exchange. Additionally, with alteration of reagent ratios, Co3O4 with ball-flower morphology was synthesized successfully. Through cross-section SEM examination, the observed growth mechanisms for both the hexagram and ball-flower structures were substantiated. Lastly, electrochemical performance tests of the hexagram and ball-flower structures on SC electrode were carried out, and specific capacitances were 452 C/g (1062 F/g) and 696 C/g (1339 F/g), respectively. The hexagram-shaped Co3O4 structure displays exceptional SC electrode material characteristics, retaining an outstanding capacitance of 93.1% even after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its superior cycle performance. This paper hopes to inspire further SC electrode materials studies based on its novel morphology modulation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano16030162
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 162
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Supercapacitor electrodes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ammonium fluoride
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanostructured materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kirkendall effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Supercapacitor performance
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: NH 4 F and VO (Acac) 2 Tuning of Hexagram-Shaped Co 3 O 4 Morphology for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.
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            NameFull: Yang, Huanping
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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